RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1327575
Propulsive Force Asymmetry during Tethered-Swimming
Publikationsverlauf
accepted after revision 24. August 2012
Publikationsdatum:
16. Januar 2013 (online)
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether: i) tethered-swimming can be used to identify the asymmetry during front crawl swimming style; ii) swimmers that perform unilateral breathing present greater asymmetry in comparison to others that use bilateral breathing; iii) swimmers of best performance present smaller asymmetry than their counterparts; iv) repeated front crawl swimming movements influence body asymmetry. 18 swimmers were assessed for propulsive force parameters (peak force, mean force, impulse and rate of force development) during a maximal front crawl tethered-swimming test lasting 2 min. A factorial analysis showed that propulsive forces decreased at the beginning, intermediate and end of the test (p<0.05), but the asymmetries were not changed at different instants of the test. When breathing preference (uni- or bilateral) was analyzed, asymmetry remained unchanged in all force parameters (p>0.05). When performance was considered (below or above mean group time), a larger asymmetry was found in the sub-group of lower performance in comparison to those of best performance (p<0.05). Therefore, the asymmetries of the propulsive forces can be detected using tethered-swimming. The propulsive forces decreased during the test but asymmetries did not change under testing conditions. Although breathing preference did not influence asymmetry, swimmers with best performance were less asymmetric than their counterparts.
-
References
- 1 Alberty M, Sidney M, Pelayo P, Toussaint HM. Stroking characteristics during time to exhaustion tests. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 637-644
- 2 Aujouannet YA, Rouard AH, Bonifazi M. Effects of fatigue on the kinematic hands symmetry in freestyle. Portuguese J Sport Sci 2006; 6 (Suppl. 02) 24-26
- 3 Barbosa AC, Moraes RC, Junior OA. Efeito do treinamento de força na relação força muscular desempenho aeróbio de nadadores competitivos. Effects of strength training in the relationship strength- aerobic performance of competitive swimmers. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2007; 9: 380-385
- 4 Barbosa TM, Keskinen KL, Fernandes R, Colaço P, Lima AB, Vilas-Boas JP. Energy cost and intra-cyclic variation of the velocity of the centre of mass in butterfly stroke. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 93: 519-523
- 5 Barden JM, Kell RT, Kobsar D. The effect of critical speed and exercise intensity on stroke phase duration and bilateral asymmetry in 200-m front crawl swimming. J Sports Sci 2011; 5: 517-526
- 6 Castro FAS, Oliveira TS, Moré FC, Mota CB. Relações entre desempenho em 200 m nado crawl e variáveis cinéticas do teste de nado estacionário. Relationship between 200 m front-crawl performance and kinetic variables of the swimming stationary test. Rev Bras Cienc Esporte 2010; 31: 161-176
- 7 Chollet D, Chalies S, Chatard JC. A new index of coordination for the crawl: Description and usefulness. Int J Sports Med 2000; 21: 54-59
- 8 Girold S, Calmels P, Maurin D, Milhau N, Chatard JC. Assisted and resisted sprint training in swimming. J. Strength Cond Res 2006; 20: 547-554
- 9 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update – ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
- 10 Keskinen OP, Keskinen KL, Mero AA. Effect of pool length on blood lactate, heart rate, and velocity in swimming. Int J Sports Med 2007; 28: 407-413
- 11 Kjendlie PL, Thorsvald K. A tethered swimming power test is highly reliable. Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X. Porto Rev Port Cien Desp 2006; 6: 231-233
- 12 Maglischo CW, Maglischo EW. Tethered and nontethered crawl swimming. In: Terauds J, Barthels K, Kreighbaum E, Mann R, Crakes J. Mar CAD (eds.). Proceedings of the ISBS: Sports Biomechanics. 1984: 163-176
- 13 Marinho PC, Junior OA. Mensuração da força isométrica e sua relação com a velocidade máxima de jovens nadadores com diferentes níveis de performance. Measurement of isometric strength and its relationship with maximal velocity in young swimmers with different performance levels. Rev Bras Ciênc Mov 2004; 12: 71-76
- 14 Morouço P, Keskinen KL, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Relationship between tethered forces and the four swimming techniques performance. J Appl Biomech 2011; 27: 161-169
- 15 Nigg B. Selected methodology in biomechanics with respect to swimming. In: Hollander AP, Huijing PA, de Groot G. (eds.). Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Human Kinetics; Champaign: 1983: 72-80
- 16 Olivier N, Quintin G, Rogez J. Le complexe articulaire de l’e´paule du nageur de haut niveau The high level swimmer articular shoulder complex. Ann Readapt Med Phys 2008; 51: 342-347
- 17 Papoti M, Zagatto AM, Júnior PBF, Cunha SA, Martins LEBE, Gobatto CA. Utilização do intercepto-y na avaliação da aptidão anaeróbia e predição da performance de nadadores treinados The use of intercept – y in the anaerobic assessment and performance prediction of trained swimmers. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2005; 11: 126-130
- 18 Papoti M, Vitório R, Velosa AB, Cunha SA, Silva ASR, Martins LEB, Gobatto CA. Uso de células de carga para mensuração da força dos membros inferiores em nado ondulatório. The use of strain gauges to measure lower limb strength in waving swimming. Rev Port Cien Desp 2007; 7: 313-318
- 19 Psycharakis SG, Sanders RH. Shoulder and hip roll changes during 200-m front crawl swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40: 2121-2129
- 20 Seifert L, Chollet D, Bardy BG. Effect of swimming velocity on arm coordination in the front crawl: A dynamic analysis. J Sport Sci 2004; 22: 651-660
- 21 Seifert L, Chollet D, Allard P. Arm coordination symmetry and breathing effect in front crawl. Hum Mov Sci 2005; 24: 234-256
- 22 Sharp RL, Troup JP, Costill DL. Relationship between power and sprint freestyle swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14: 53-56
- 23 Smith DJ, Norris SR, Hogg JM. Performance evaluation of swimmers: scientific tools. Sports Med 2002; 32: 539-554
- 24 Schneider P, Meyer F. Avaliação antropométrica e da força muscular em nadadores pré-púberes e púberes. Anthropometric assessment and muscle strength in pre-pubertal and pubertal swimmers. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2005; 11: 209-213
- 25 Tella V, Toca-Herrera JL, Gallach JE, Benavent J, González LM, Arellano R. Effect of fatigue on the intra-cycle acceleration in front crawl swimming: a time-frequency analysis. J Biomech 2008; 41: 6-92
- 26 Tourny-Chollet C, Seifert L, Chollet D. Effect of force symmetry on coordination in crawl. Int J Sports Med 2009; 30: 182-187
- 27 Toussaint HM, Carol A, Kranenborg H, Truijens MJ. Effect of fatigue on stroking characteristics in an arms-only 100-m front-crawl race. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 1635-1642
- 28 Vantorre J, Seifert L, Fernandes RJ, Boas JP, Chollet D. Kinematical profiling of the front crawl start. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 16-21
- 29 Yeater RA, Martin RB, White MK, Gilson HK. Tethered swimming forces in the crawl, breast and back strokes and their relationship to competitive performance. J Biomech 1981; 14: 527-537