PDF herunterladen
Int J Sports Med 2013; 34(07): 573-581
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1327578
Physiology & Biochemistry
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Taekwondo Exercise Protocols do not Recreate the Physiological Responses of Championship Combat

C. A. Bridge
1   Sport and Exercise Research Group, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
,
L. R. McNaughton
1   Sport and Exercise Research Group, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
,
G. L. Close
2   Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
,
B. Drust
2   Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf



accepted after revision 30. August 2012

Publikationsdatum:
07. Januar 2013 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the external validity of Taekwondo-specific exercise protocols. 10 male international Taekwondo competitors (age 18±2 years) took part in a championship combat and an exercise protocol that simulated the activity pattern of Taekwondo combat. Heart rate and venous blood samples were obtained in both settings. Despite similarity in the activity profiles, the championship Taekwondo combats elicited higher (p<0.05) heart rate (188±8 beats.min − 1), plasma lactate (12.2±4.6 mmol.L − 1), glucose (10.3±1.1 mmol.L − 1), ­glycerol (143.4±49.4 µmol.L − 1), ­adrena­line (2.7±1.7 nmol.L − 1) and noradrenaline (14.3±9.4 nmol.L − 1) responses than the ­Taekwondo exercise protocol (heart rate: 172±4 beats.min − 1; plasma lactate: 3.6±2.7 mmol.L − 1; glucose: 5.9±0.8 mmol.L − 1; glycerol: 77.7±21.3 µmol.L − 1; adrenaline: 0.6±0.2 nmol.L − 1 and noradrenaline: 3.0±1.1 nmol.L − 1). This discrepancy in the physiological responses appeared to be mediated by a reduced stress response in the Taekwondo exercise protocol. These findings suggest that Taekwondo-specific exercise protocols are not appropriate to study the physiological demands of Taekwondo. ­Strategies designed to increase the stress response in this setting may be necessary to improve the external validity of this experimental framework.

Key words

physiology - hormones - catecholamines - stress - simulation - activity profile
 

  • References

  • 1 Atkinson G, Nevill AM. Selected issues in the design and analysis of sport performance research. J Sports Sci 2001; 19: 811-827
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 2 Borg G. Borgs Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1998
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 3 Bridge CA, Jones MA, Drust B. The activity profile in international Taekwondo competition is modulated by weight category. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2011; 6: 344-357
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 4 Bridge CA, Jones MA, Drust B. Physiological responses and perceived exertion during international Taekwondo competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2009; 4: 485-493
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 5 Bridge CA, Jones MA, Hitchen P, Sanchez X. Heart rate responses to Taekwondo training in experienced practitioners. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21: 718-723
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 6 Butios S, Tasika N. Changes in heart rate and blood lactate concentration as intensity parameters during simulated Taekwondo competition. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2007; 47: 179-185
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 7 Campos FA, Bertuzzi R, Dourado AC, Santos VG, Franchini E. Energy demands in Taekwondo athletes during combat simulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 1221-1228
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 8 Capranica L, Lupo C, Cortis C, Chiodo S, Cibelli G, Tessitore A. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase reactivity to Taekwondo competition in children. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 647-652
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 9 Casolino E, Lupo C, Cortis C, Chiodo S, Minganti C, Capranica L, Tessitore A. Technical and tactical analysis of youth Taekwondo performance. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26: 1489-1495
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 10 Chen MJ, Fan X, Moe ST. Criterion-related validity of the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale in healthy individuals: a meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2002; 20: 873-899
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 11 Chiodo S, Tessitore A, Cortis C, Cibelli G, Lupo C, Ammendolia A, De Rosas M, Capranica L. Stress-related hormonal and psychological changes to official youth Taekwondo competitions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21: 111-119
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 12 Chiodo S, Tessitore A, Cortis C, Lupo C, Ammendolia A, Iona T, Capranica L. Effects of official Taekwondo competitions on all-out performances of elite athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 334-339
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 13 Cohen J.. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale (HJ): Eribaum; 1988
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 14 Drust B, Atkinson G, Reilly T. Future perspectives in the evaluation of the physiological demands of soccer. Sports Med 2007; 37: 783-805
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 15 Drust B, Waterhouse J, Atkinson G, Edwards B, Reilly T. Circadian rhythms in sports performance – an update. Chronobiol Int 2005; 22: 21-44
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 16 Febbraio MA, Lambert DL, Starkie RL, Proietto J, Hargreaves M. Effect of epinephrine on muscle glycogenolysis during exercise in trained men. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84: 465-470
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 17 Filaire E, Sagnol M, Ferrand C, Maso F, Lac G. Psychophysiological stress in judo athletes during competitions. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2001; 41: 263-268
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 18 FitzGerald GA, Hossmann V, Hamilton CA, Reid JL, Davies DS, Dollery CT. Interindividual variation in kinetics of infused epinephrine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979; 26: 669-675
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 19 Garcia-Sainz JA. Adrenaline and its receptors: one hundred years of research. Arch Med Res 1995; 26: 205-212
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 20 Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Mascetti GG, Gardini S, Zambelli U, Timpano M, Raggi MA, Brambilla F. Neuroendocrine responses to experimentally-induced psychological stress in healthy humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001; 26: 91-107
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 21 Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ. Sources and significance of plasma levels of catechols and their metabolites in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305: 800-811
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 22 Goldstein DS, Kopin IJ. Adrenomedullary, adrenocortical, and sympathoneural responses to stressors: a meta-analysis. Endocr Regul 2008; 42: 111-119
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 23 Gray S, Nimmo M. Effects of active, passive or no warm-up on metabolism and performance during high-intensity exercise. J Sports Sci 2001; 19: 693-700
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 24 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update – ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 25 Hoch F, Werle E, Welder H. Sympathoadrenergenic regulation in fencers in training and competition. Int J Sports Med 1988; 9 (Suppl. 02) S141-S145
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 26 Horowitz JF. Fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue during exercise. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2003; 14: 386-392
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 27 Huang CJ, Webb HE, Garten RS, Kamimori GH, Evans RK, Acevedo EO. Stress hormones and immunological responses to a dual challenge in professional firefighters. Int J Psychophysiol 2010; 75: 312-318
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 28 Kazemi M, Perri G, Soave D. A profile of 2008 Olympic Taekwondo competitors. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2010; 54: 243-249
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 29 Kim SK, Chung KH, Lee KM. Taekwondo Kyorugi Olympic Style Sparring. Hartford: Turtle Press; 1999
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 30 Kreisman SH, Ah Mew N, Arsenault M, Nessim SJ, Halter JB, Vranic M, Marliss EB. Epinephrine infusion during moderate intensity exercise increases glucose production and uptake. Am J Physiol 2000; 278: E949-E957
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 31 Langfort J, Zarzeczny R, Pilis W, Nazar K, Kaciuba-Uscitko H. The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on performance, hormonal and metabolic responses to a 30-s bout of supramaximal exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997; 76: 128-133
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 32 Moreira A, Franchini E, de Freitas CG, de Arruda AF, de Moura NR, Caldas EC, Aoki MS. Salivary cortisol and immunoglobulin A responses to simulated and official Jiu-Jitsu matches. J Strength Cond Res. 2012
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 33 Obminski Z. Blood cortisol responses to pre-competition stress in athletes: sex related differences. Res Yearbook 2008; 14: 103-108
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 34 Obminski Z, Stupnicki R, Eliasz J, Sitkowski D, Klukowski K. Changes in salivary cortisol in elite boxers following laboratory exercises and fights. Biol Sports 1993; 10: 83-88
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 35 Richter SD, Schurmeyer TH, Schedlowski M, Hadicke A, Tewes U, Schmidt RE, Wagner TO. Time kinetics of the endocrine response to acute psychological stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1956-1960
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 36 Santos VG, Franchini E, Lima-Silva AE. Relationship between attack and skipping in Taekwondo contests. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 1743-1751
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 37 Tatar P, Kozlowski S, Vigas M, Nazar K, Kvetnansky R, Jezova D, Kaciuba-Uscilko H. Endocrine response to physical efforts with equivalent total work loads but different intensities in man. Endocrinol Exp 1984; 18: 233-239
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 38 Tornello F, Capranica L, Chiodo S, Minganti L, Tessitore A. Time motion analysis of youth Olympic Taekwondo combats. J Strength Cond Res. 2012
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 39 Tsai ML, Ko MH, Chang CK, Chou KM, Fang SH. Impact of intense training and rapid weight changes on salivary parameters in elite female Taekwondo athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21: 758-764
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 40 Watt MJ, Howlett KF, Febbraio MA, Spriet LL, Hargreaves M. Adrenaline increases skeletal muscle glycogenolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase activation and carbohydrate oxidation during moderate exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 2001; 534: 269-278
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 41 West SJ, Goedecke JH, van Niekerk L, Collins St M, Clair Gibson A, Macdonald IA, Noakes TD, Lambert EV. Effects of elevated plasma adrenaline levels on substrate metabolism, effort perception and muscle activation during low-to-moderate intensity exercise. Pflugers Arch 2006; 451: 727-737
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 42 Womack CJ, Davis SE, Weltman JY, Blumer J, Barrett EJ, Gaesser GA, Weltman A. The effect of training and epinephrine infusion on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Int J Sports Med 1998; 19: 121-124
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 43 Zouhal H, Jacob C, Delamarche P, Gratas-Delamarche A. Catecholamines and the effects of exercise, training and gender. Sports Med 2008; 38: 401-423
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 44 Zouhal H, Jacob C, Rannou F, Gratas-Delamarche A, Bentue-Ferrer D, Del P. Effect of training status on the sympathoadrenal activity during a supramaximal exercise in human. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2001; 41: 330-336
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 45 Zouhal H, Rannou F, Gratas-Delamarche A, Monnier M, Bentue-Ferrer D, Delamarche P. Adrenal medulla responsiveness to the sympathetic nervous activity in sprinters and untrained subjects during a supramaximal exercise. Int J Sports Med 1998; 19: 172-176
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar