Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2013; 73(4): 318-323
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1328436
Original Article
GebFra Science
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Maternal Weight Gain during Pregnancy and Somatic Classification of Neonates According to Birth Weight and Duration of Pregnancy Taking Account of Maternal Body Weight and Height

Mütterliche Gewichtszunahme in der Schwangerschaft und somatische Klassifikation der Neugeborenen nach Geburtsgewicht und Schwangerschaftsdauer unter Berücksichtigung von Körpergewicht und Körperhöhe der Mütter
M. Voigt
1   German Center for Growth, Development and Health Encouragement during Childhood and Youth, Berlin
,
R. L. Schild
2   Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Diakoniekrankenhaus Friederikenstift, Hanover
,
M. Mewitz
2   Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Diakoniekrankenhaus Friederikenstift, Hanover
,
K. T. M. Schneider
3   Section for Perinatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich
,
D. Schnabel
4   Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin
,
V. Hesse
1   German Center for Growth, Development and Health Encouragement during Childhood and Youth, Berlin
,
S. Straube
5   Department of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 21 December 2012
revised 11 March 2013

accepted 11 March 2013

Publication Date:
13 May 2013 (online)

Abstract

Background and Aim: The classification of weight gain during pregnancy and the somatic classification of neonates according to birth weight and duration of pregnancy can be done using percentile values. We aimed to compare such classifications using percentiles of the overall study population with classifications using percentiles that were calculated taking account of maternal height and weight. Material and Methods: Using data from the German Perinatal Survey (1995–2000, over 2.2 million singleton pregnancies) we classified weight gain during pregnancy as low (< 10th percentile), high (> 90th percentile), or medium (10th–90th percentile). Neonates were classified by birth weight as small for gestational age (SGA, < 10th percentile), large for gestational age (LGA, > 90th percentile), or appropriate for gestational age (AGA, 10th–90th percentile). Classifications were performed for 12 groups of women and their neonates formed according to maternal height and weight, either with the percentiles calculated from the total study population or with group-specific percentiles. Results: Using percentiles of the total study population there was large variability between the 12 groups in the proportions with low and high weight gain and in the proportions of SGA and LGA neonates. The variability was much lower when group-specific percentiles were used. Conclusions: Classifications of maternal weight gain during pregnancy and birth weight differ substantially, depending on whether percentiles calculated from the total study population or group-specific percentiles are used. The impact of using percentiles that take account of maternal anthropometric parameters for the medical care and health of neonates needs to be elucidated in future research.

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Die Klassifikation der Gewichtszunahme während der Schwangerschaft und die somatische Klassifikation der Neugeborenen nach Geburtsgewicht und Schwangerschaftsdauer können mit Perzentilwerten durchgeführt werden. Unser Ziel war, solche Klassifikationen basierend auf Perzentilen der gesamten Studienpopulation mit Klassifikationen basierend auf Perzentilwerten, die mütterliche Größe und Gewicht berücksichtigen, zu vergleichen. Material und Methodik: Anhand von Daten der Deutschen Perinatalerhebung (1995–2000, über 2,2 Mio. Einlingsschwangerschaften) klassifizierten wir die Gewichtszunahme während der Schwangerschaft als gering (< 10. Perzentile), groß (> 90. Perzentile) oder mittel (10.–90. Perzentile). Die Neugeborenen wurden nach dem Geburtsgewicht als „small for gestational age“ (SGA, < 10. Perzentile), „large for gestational age“ (LGA, > 90. Perzentile) oder „appropriate for gestational age“ (AGA, 10.–90. Perzentile) klassifiziert. Diese Klassifikationen wurden für 12 Gruppen von Frauen und deren Neugeborenen, die aufgrund von mütterlicher Körpergröße und -gewicht gebildet wurden, durchgeführt, entweder mit den Perzentilen der gesamten Studienpopulation oder mit gruppenspezifischen Perzentilen. Ergebnisse: Bei Gebrauch von Perzentilen der gesamten Studienpopulation ergab sich zwischen den 12 Gruppen eine große Variabilität in den Anteilen mit geringer und großer Gewichtszunahme und in den Anteilen von SGA- und LGA-Neugeborenen. Bei Gebrauch gruppenspezifischer Perzentilen war diese Variabilität deutlich kleiner. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Klassifikationen der Gewichtszunahme während der Schwangerschaft und des Geburtsgewichts unterscheiden sich deutlich, je nachdem, ob Perzentilen der gesamten Studienpopulation oder gruppenspezifische Perzentilen verwendet werden. Die Auswirkungen des Gebrauchs von Perzentilen, welche die mütterlichen Körpermaße berücksichtigen, auf die medizinische Versorgung und Gesundheit der Neugeborenen müssen noch untersucht werden.

Supporting Information

 
  • References

  • 1 Abrams B, Newman V, Key T et al. Maternal weight gain and preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74: 577-583
  • 2 Carmichael SL, Abrams B. A critical review of the relationship between gestational weight gain and preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 865-873
  • 3 Schieve LA, Cogswell ME, Scanlon KS. Maternal weight gain and preterm delivery: differential effects by body mass index. Epidemiology 1999; 10: 141-147
  • 4 Schieve LA, Cogswell ME, Scanlon KS et al. The NMIHS Collaborative Study Group. Prepregnancy body mass index and pregnancy weight gain: associations with preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96: 194-200
  • 5 Dietz PM, Callaghan WM, Cogswell ME et al. Combined effects of prepregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy on the risk of preterm delivery. Epidemiology 2006; 17: 170-177
  • 6 Stotland NE, Caughey AB, Lahiff M et al. Weight gain and spontaneous preterm birth: role of race and ethnicity and previous preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1448-1455
  • 7 Sekiya N, Anai T, Matsubara M et al. Maternal weight gain rate in the second trimester are associated with birth weight and length of gestation. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2007; 63: 45-48
  • 8 Fox NS, Rebarber A, Roman AS et al. Weight gain in twin pregnancies and adverse outcomes: examining the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116: 100-106
  • 9 Savitz DA, Stein CR, Siega-Riz AM et al. Gestational weight gain and birth outcome in relation to prepregnancy body mass index and ethnicity. Ann Epidemiol 2011; 21: 78-85
  • 10 Mamun AA, Callaway LK, OʼCallaghan MJ et al. Associations of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and excess pregnancy weight gains with adverse pregnancy outcomes and length of hospital stay. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011; 11: 62
  • 11 Han Z, Lutsiv O, Mulla S et al. Knowledge Synthesis Group. Low gestational weight gain and the risk of preterm birth and low birthweight: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90: 935-954
  • 12 McDonald SD, Han Z, Mulla S et al. Knowledge Synthesis Group. High gestational weight gain and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2011; 33: 1223-1233
  • 13 González-Quintero VH, Kathiresan AS, Tudela FJ et al. The association of gestational weight gain per institute of medicine guidelines and prepregnancy body mass index on outcomes of twin pregnancies. Am J Perinatol 2012; 29: 435-440
  • 14 Carnero AM, Mejía CR, García PJ. Rate of gestational weight gain, pre-pregnancy body mass index and preterm birth subtypes: a retrospective cohort study from Peru. BJOG 2012; 119: 924-935
  • 15 Mewitz M, Voigt M, Schild RL et al. On weight gain during pregnancy: relationships between weight gain during pregnancy, duration of pregnancy and the somatic classification of neonates. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2012; 216: 22-26
  • 16 Seidman DS, Ever-Hadani P, Gale R. The effect of maternal weight gain in pregnancy on birth weight. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74: 240-246
  • 17 Shapiro C, Sutija VG, Bush J. Effect of maternal weight gain on infant birth weight. J Perinat Med 2000; 28: 428-431
  • 18 Rode L, Hegaard HK, Kjaergaard H et al. Association between maternal weight gain and birth weight. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 1309-1315
  • 19 Frederick IO, Williams MA, Sales AE et al. Pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and other maternal characteristics in relation to infant birth weight. Matern Child Health J 2008; 12: 557-567
  • 20 da Fonseca CR, Strufaldi MW, de Carvalho LR et al. Risk factors for low birth weight in Botucatu city, SP state, Brazil: a study conducted in the public health system from 2004 to 2008. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5: 60
  • 21 Nohr EA, Vaeth M, Baker JL et al. Combined associations of prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 1750-1759
  • 22 Margerison Zilko CE, Rehkopf D, Abrams B. Association of maternal gestational weight gain with short- and long-term maternal and child health outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 574.e1-574.e8
  • 23 Deierlein AL, Siega-Riz AM, Adair LS et al. Effects of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on infant anthropometric outcomes. J Pediatr 2011; 158: 211-216
  • 24 Krentz H, Voigt M, Hesse V et al. Somatic classifications of neonates based on weight-for-length and Rohrerʼs ponderal index: effects of maternal BMI and smoking. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2011; 71: 973-978
  • 25 Voigt M, Straube S, Olbertz D et al. Beziehungen zwischen Körpergewicht, Körperhöhe, Body-Mass-Index und der Gewichtszunahme von Frauen in der Schwangerschaft. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2007; 211: 147-152
  • 26 Voigt M, Rochow N, Jährig K et al. Dependence of neonatal small and large for gestational age rates on maternal height and weight-an analysis of the German Perinatal Survey. J Perinat Med 2010; 38: 425-430
  • 27 Stein RG, Meinusch M, Diessner J et al. Fruchtwasserinsulin und C-Peptid als prädiktive Marker für Makrosomie und Geburtskomplikationen?. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2012; 72-P39
  • 28 Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL eds. Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines; Institute of Medicine; National Research Council. Weight Gain during Pregnancy: reexamining the Guidelines. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2009
  • 29 Krentz H, Voigt M, Guthmann F et al. On the variability in preterm birth rate, birth weight, and somatic classification among neonates of mothers with the same body mass index. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2011; 215: 163-166
  • 30 Voigt M, Straube S, Schmidt P et al. Vorstellung von Normwerten der Gewichtszunahme in der Schwangerschaft (20–43 vollendete Schwangerschaftswochen) unter Berücksichtigung von Körperhöhe und Körpergewicht der Frauen. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2007; 211: 191-203