PDF herunterladen
Int J Sports Med 2013; 34(10): 881-887
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1331757
Training & Testing
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Vertical Ground Reaction Force during Water Exercises Performed at Different Intensities

C. L. Alberton
1   School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
,
M. P. Tartaruga
1   School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
2   School of Physical Education, Midwest State University of Parana, Guarapuava, Brazil
,
S. S. Pinto
1   School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
,
E. L. Cadore
1   School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
,
A. H. Antunes
1   School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
,
P. Finatto
1   School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
,
L.F. M. Kruel
1   School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf



accepted after revision 29. November 2012

Publikationsdatum:
02. April 2013 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to compare the peak vertical ground reaction force (V-GRFpeak) and impulse of women performing water aerobic exercises at different intensities in aquatic and dry land environments. 15 young women performed 1 session in each environment consisting of 3 water aerobic exercises (stationary running, frontal kick and cross country skiing) performed at 3 cadences (first ventilatory threshold, second ventilatory threshold and maximum effort, as determined during exercise in water) in a randomized order. 2-way and 3-way repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze the impulse and V-GRFpeak, respectively. Significantly lower values of V-GRFpeak and impulse (p<0.001) were observed for the aquatic environment. Significant differences were observed among all cadences for V-GRFpeak and impulse (p<0.001) in both environments except for the V-GRFpeak between the cadences corresponding to the second ventilatory threshold and maximum effort in the aquatic environment. In addition, significantly lower V-GRFpeak values in the aquatic environment were found for cross country skiing compared to the other exercises (p<0.001). Thus, water exercises are safe for people that need to minimize vertical ground reaction force; however, an important issue to be considered during water aerobics training is the exercise and intensity to be prescribed.

Key words

impact - impulse - immersion - aquatic exercises
 

  • References

  • 1 Alberton CL, Olkoski MM, Becker ME, Pinto SS, Kruel LFM. Cardiorespiratory responses of postmenopausal women to different water exercises. Int J Aquat Res Educ 2007; 1: 363-372
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 2 Alberton CL, Cadore EL, Pinto SS, Tartaruga MP, Silva EM, Kruel LFM. Cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and kinematic responses to stationary running performed in water and on dry land. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 1157-1166
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 3 Barela AMF, Stolf SF, Duarte M. Biomechanical characteristics of adults walking in shallow water and on land. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2006; 16: 250-256
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 4 Barela AMF, Duarte M. Biomechanical characteristics of elderly individuals walking on land and in water. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2008; 18: 446-454
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 5 Batterham SI, Heywood S, Keatinge JL. Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing land and aquatic exercises for people with hip or knee arthritis on function, mobility and other health outcomes. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2011; 12: 123
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 6 Bemben DA, Salm PC, Salm AJ. Ventilatory and blood lactate responses to maximal treadmill exercise during the menstrual cycle. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1995; 35: 257-262
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 7 Borg G. Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med 1970; 2: 92-98
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 8 Chiu MC, Wang MJ. The effect of gait speed and gender on perceived exertion, muscle activity, joint motion of lower extremity, ground reaction force and heart rate during normal walking. Gait Posture 2007; 25: 385-392
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 9 Colado JC, Garcia-Masso X, González LM, Triplett NT, Mayo C, Merce J. Two-leg squat jumps in water: an effective alternative to dry land jumps. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 118-122
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 10 Davis JA. Anaerobic threshold: review of the concept and directions for future research. Med Sci Sports Med 1985; 17: 6-18
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 11 Finkelstein I, Alberton CL, Figueiredo PAP, Garcia DR, Tartaruga LAP, Kruel LFM. Behavior of heart rate, blood pressure, and hydrostatic weight of pregnant women at different immersion depths. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2004; 26: 685-690 [in Portuguese]
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 12 Haupenthal A, Ruschel C, Hubert M, de Brito-Fontana H, Roesler H. Loading forces in shallow water running in two levels of immersion. J Rehabil Med 2010; 42: 664-669
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 13 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update – ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 14 Harrisson RA, Hillman M, Bulstrode S. Loading of the lower limb when walking partially immersed: Implications for clinical practice. Physiotherapy 1992; 78: 164-166
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 15 Heyward VH, Stolarczyc LM. Applied Body Composition. 2nd ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1996
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 16 Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Ward A. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980; 12: 175-182
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 17 Keller TS, Weisberger AM, Ray JL, Hasan SS, Shiavi RG, Spengler DM. Relationship between vertical ground reaction force and speed during walking, slow jogging, and running. Clin Biomech 1996; 11: 253-259
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 18 Kruel LFM. Hydrostatic weight and heart rate in subjects immersed at different water depths. Unpublished master thesis. Santa Maria. Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil, 1994 [in Portuguese]
    PubMed
  • 19 Kruel LFM. Physiological and biomechanical alterations in individuals practicing water exercises inside and outside of the water. Unpublished doctoral dissertation Santa Maria. Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil, 2000 [in Portuguese]
    PubMed
  • 20 Masani K, Kouzaki M, Fukunaga T. Variability of ground reaction forces during treadmill walking. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92: 1885-1890
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 21 Miyoshi T, Shirota T, Yamamoto S, Nakazawa K, Akai M. Effect of the walking speed to the lower limb joint angular displacements, joint moments and ground reaction forces during walking in water. Disabil Rehabil 2004; 26: 724-732
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 22 Miyoshi T, Nakazawa K, Tanizaki M, Sato T, Akai M. Altered activation pattern in synergistic ankle plantarflexor muscles in a reduced-gravity environment. Gait Posture 2006; 24: 94-99
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 23 Nakazawa K, Yano H, Miyashita M. Ground reaction forces during walking in water. Med Sci Aquatic Sports 1994; 39: 28-34
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 24 Nilsson J, Thorstensson A. Ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running. Acta Physiol Scand 1989; 136: 217-227
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 25 Pinto SS, Cadore EL, Alberton CL, Silva EM, Kanitz AC, Tartaruga MP, Kruel LFM. Cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses during water aerobics exercise performed with and without equipment. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 916-923
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 26 Raffaeli C, Lanza M, Zanolla L, Zamparo P. Exercise intensity of head-out water-based activities (water fitness). Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109: 829-838
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 27 Roesler H, Haupenthal A, Schütz GR, Souza PV. Dynamometric analysis of the maximum force applied in aquatic human gait at 1.3 m of immersion. Gait Posture 2006; 24: 412-417
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 28 Triplett NT, Colado JC, Benavent J, Alakhdar Y, Madera J, Gonzalez LM, Tella V. Concentric and impact forces of single-leg jumps in an aquatic environment versus on land. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 1790-1796
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 29 Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyal SN, Beaver WL. Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1973; 35: 236-243
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 30 Winget CH, DeRoshia CW, Holley DC. Circadian rhythms and athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17: 498-516
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar