Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1341469
Sind Städter depressiver und ängstlicher im Vergleich zur Landbevölkerung? Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsumfrage
Are Urban Dwellers More Depressed and Anxious than the Rural Population? Results of a Representative SurveyPublication History
eingereicht 16 July 2012
akzeptiert 07 March 2013
Publication Date:
15 May 2013 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/ppmp/201311/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0033-1341469-1.jpg)
Zusammenfassung
Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Urbanisierungsgrad und mentaler Gesundheit in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Mittels einer Repräsentativbefragung (N=5 036) wurden Daten zur Depressivität (PHQ-2), Angst (GAD-2) und Lebenszufriedenheit (FLZM) erhoben. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die Annahme, dass in städtischen Gegenden die Prävalenz für pathologische Depressivitäts- und Angstwerte im Vergleich zum Land erhöht ist. Ein eindeutig linearer Zusammenhang zwischen Urbanisierung und mentaler Gesundheit besteht jedoch nicht. Der Urbanisierungsgrad scheint nur ein distaler Faktor für höhere Depressivitäts- und Angstwerte zu sein. Die in anderen Studien gefundenen Stadt-Land-Unterschiede in der mentalen Gesundheit sind auf Deutschland nicht ohne Weiteres übertragbar. Zukünftige Forschung sollte bei der Betrachtung von Stadt-Land-Unterschieden der mentalen Gesundheit Variablen auf Individuums- und Gemeindeebene beim Urbanisierungsgrad berücksichtigen.
Abstract
This study investigates the association between urbanicity and mental health in the general population. We conducted a representative survey (N=5 036) measuring depression (PHQ-2), anxiety (GAD-2) as well as life satisfaction (FLZM). Results support the assumption that the prevalence rate for pathological scores of depression and anxiety are higher in urban than in rural areas. But, there is no clear linear association between urbanicity and mental health. Urbanicity seems to be a distal factor for higher rates in anxiety and depression. Urban-rural differences in other studies can not be transferred to the German population that easily. Future studies have to take variables on an individual and community level into account to analyse the relationship between urbanicity and mental health.
-
Literatur
- 1 Faris DEL, Dunham HW. Mental disorder in urban areas. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press; 1939
- 2 Parikh SV, Wasylenki D, Goering P et al. Mood disorders: rural/urban differences in prevalence, health care utilization, and disability in Ontario. J Affect Disord 1996; 38: 84-90
- 3 Dekker J, Peen J, Koelen J et al. Psychiatric disorders and urbanization in Germany. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 17
- 4 Mechakra-Tahiri S, Zunzunegui MV, Prèville M et al. Social relationships and depression among people 65 years and over living in rural and urban areas of Quebec. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 24: 1226-1236
- 5 Wang J, El-Guebaly N. Sociodemographic factors associated with comorbid major depressive episodes and alcohol dependence in the general population. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49: 37-44
- 6 Blazer DG. Social support and mortality in an elderly community population. Am J Epidemiol 1982; 115: 684-694
- 7 Crowell BJ, George LK, Blazer D et al. Psychosocial risk factors and urban/rural differences in the prevalence of major depression. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 149: 307-314
- 8 Wang JL. Rural-urban differences in the prevalence of major depression and associated impairment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004; 39: 19-25
- 9 Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 8-19
- 10 Andrews G, Henderson S, Hall W. Prevalence, comobidity, disability and service utilisation. Overview of the Austratlian National Mental Health Survey. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178: 145-153
- 11 Kovess-Masféty V, Alonso J, de Graaf R et al. A European approach to rural-urban differences in mental health: the ESEMeD 2000 comparative study. Can J Psychiatry 2005; 50: 926-936
- 12 Peen J, Schoevers RA, Beekman AT et al. The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121: 84-93
- 13 Tsai SY, Chi LY, Lee LS et al. Health-related quality of life among urban, rural, and island community elderly in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2004; 103: 196-204
- 14 Baernholdt M, Yan G, Hinton I et al. Quality of life in rural and urban adults 65 years and older: findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey. J Rural Health 2012; 28: 339-347
- 15 Bullinger M. Lebensqualität – Aktueller Stand und neuere Entwicklungen der internationalen Lebensqualitätsforschung. In: Ravens-Sieberer U, Cieza A. Hrsg Lebensqualität und Gesundheitsökonomie in der Medizin. München: ecomed; 2000
- 16 Büchi S, Scheuer E. Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität. In: Buddeberg C. Hrsg Psychosoziale Medizin. Berlin: Springer; 2004
- 17 Bullinger M, Siegrist J, Ravens-Sieberer U Hrsg Lebensqualitätsforschung aus medizinpsychologischer und sozialpsychologischer Perspektive. Jahrbuch der Medizinischen Psychologie (Bd. 18). Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2000
- 18 Joffe H, Chang Y, Dhaliwal S et al. Lifetime history of depression and anxiety disorders as a predictor of quality of life in midlife women in the absence of current illness episodes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69: 484-492
- 19 Chen K, Fan Y, Hu R et al. Impact of depression, fatigue and disability on quality of life in Chinese patients with multiple sclerosis. Stress Health 2012; 8 [Epub ahead of print]
- 20 Romans S, Cohen M, Forte T. Rates of depression and anxiety in urban and rural Canada. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011; 46: 567-575
- 21 Paykel ES, Abbott R, Jenkins R et al. Urban-rural mental health differences in Great Britain: findings from the national morbidity survey. Psychol Med 2000; 30: 269-280
- 22 BIK Regionsgrößenklassen Quelle http://www.bik-gmbh.de/texte/BIK-Regionen2000.pdf
- 23 Giggs JA, Cooper JE. Ecological structure and the distribution of schizophrenia and affective psychoses in Nottingham. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 151: 627-633
- 24 Jacobi F, Wittchen HU, Holting C et al. Prevalence, co-morbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS). Psychol Med 2004; 34: 597-611
- 25 Culbertson FM. Depression and gender. An international review. Am Psychol 1997; 52: 25-31
- 26 Thornicroft G. Social deprivation and rates of treated mental disorder. Developing statistical models to predict psychiatric service utilisation. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 475-484
- 27 Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1092-1097
- 28 Loewe B, Kroenke K, Grafe K. Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2). J Psychosom Res 2005; 58: 163-171
- 29 Henrich G, Herschbach P. Questions on life satisfaction (FLZM) – a short questionnaire for assessing subjective quality of Life. Eur J Psychol Assess 2000; 16: 150-159
- 30 Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB et al. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 317-325
- 31 Goldbeck L, Schmitz TG. Comparison of three generic questionnaires measuring quality of life in adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis: The 36-item short form health survey, the quality of life profile for chronic diseases, and the questions on life satisfaction. Qual Life Res 2001; 10: 23-36
- 32 Hagell P, Westergren A. The significance of importance: An evaluation of Ferrans and Powers’ Quality of Life Index. Qual Life Res 2006; 15: 867-876
- 33 Paúl C, Fonseca AM, Martín I et al. Psychosocial profile of rural and urban elders in Portugal. Euro Psychol 2003; 8: 160-167
- 34 McLaren S, Hopes LM. Rural-urban differences in reasons for living. Aust NZ J Psychiat 2002; 36: 688-692
- 35 Schilling O, Wahl H-W. Familiäre Netzwerke und Lebenszufriedenheit alter Menschen in ländlichen und urbanen Regionen. Koelner Z Soziol Soz 2002; 54: 304-317