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Semin Reprod Med 2013; 31(05): 370-379
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1348896
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Uterine Leiomyoma

William H. Catherino
1   Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
2   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
,
Heba M. Eltoukhi
1   Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
3   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
,
Ayman Al-Hendy
4   Center for Women Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
› Author Affiliations
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Publication History

Publication Date:
09 August 2013 (online)

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Abstract

Uterine leiomyomas are the most common benign gynecologic condition. The prevalence is three times more common among women of African ethnicity. Disparity in this disease is evidenced by earlier age of onset, greater severity of symptoms, and different response to treatment. Although the pathogenesis of disease development is not completely known, growing evidence focuses on investigating the molecular mechanisms in disease development and the influence of ethnicity. Variation in the expression levels or function of estrogen and progesterone receptors, polymorphism of genes involved in estrogen synthesis and/or metabolism (COMT, CYP17), retinoic acid nuclear receptors (retinoid acid receptor-α, retinoid X receptor-α), and aberrant expression of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are some of the molecular mechanisms that may be involved. Nutritional factors, such as vitamin D deficiency, might also contribute to the higher incidence in dark skinned populations who are also commonly suffer from hypovitaminosis D. Culture and environmental difference might have a role in disease development. Further analysis and better understanding of these mechanisms will provide insight into the molecular basis of racial disparities in leiomyoma formation and will help to develop new innovations in leiomyoma treatment.

Keywords

uterine leiomyoma - African American - ethnicity - molecular - risk factor
 

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