Coronary Arteriovenous Fistulae: A Review

Abstract

Coronary arteriovenous fistulae are a coronary anomaly, presenting in 0.002% of the general population. Their etiology can be congenital or acquired. We present a review of recent literature related to their epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic management.

Keywords

arteriovenous fistula - cardiac surgery - coronary artery - fistula - symptomatic - cardiovascular disease - cardiac catheterization

• References

• 1 Ogden JA. Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1970; 25 (4) 474-479
• 2 Krause W. Ueber den Ursprung einer akzessorischen A. coronaria aus der A. pulmonalis. Z Ratl Med 1865; 24: 225-229
• 3 Dimitrakakis G, Von Oppell U, Luckraz H, Groves P. Surgical repair of triple coronary-pulmonary artery fistulae with associated atrial septal defect and aortic valve regurgitation. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2008; 7 (5) 933-934
• 4 Ata Y, Turk T, Bicer M, Yalcin M, Ata F, Yavuz S. Coronary arteriovenous fistulas in the adults: natural history and management strategies. J Cardiothorac Surg 2009; 4: 62
• 5 Darwazah AK, Hussein IH, Hawari MH. Congenital circumflex coronary arteriovenous fistula with aneurysmal termination in the pulmonary artery. Tex Heart Inst J 2005; 32 (1) 56-59, discussion 58–59
• 6 Dodge-Khatami A, Mavroudis C, Backer CL. Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: anomalies of the coronary arteries. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69 (4, Suppl) S270-S297
• 7 Sakakibara S, Yokoyama M, Takao A, Nogi M, Gomi H. Coronary arteriovenous fistula. Nine operated cases. Am Heart J 1966; 72 (3) 307-314
• 8 Fernandes ED, Kadivar H, Hallman GL, Reul GJ, Ott DA, Cooley DA. Congenital malformations of the coronary arteries: the Texas Heart Institute experience. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 54 (4) 732-740
• 9 Olearchyk AS, Runk DM, Alavi M, Grosso MA. Congenital bilateral coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistulas. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64 (1) 233-235
• 10 Harris WO, Andrews JC, Nichols DA, Holmes Jr DR. Percutaneous transcatheter embolization of coronary arteriovenous fistulas. Mayo Clin Proc 1996; 71 (1) 37-42
• 11 Schumacher G, Roithmaier A, Lorenz HP , et al. Congenital coronary artery fistula in infancy and childhood: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 45 (6) 287-294
• 12 Carrel T, Tkebuchava T, Jenni R, Arbenz U, Turina M. Congenital coronary fistulas in children and adults: diagnosis, surgical technique and results. Cardiology 1996; 87 (4) 325-330
• 13 Armsby LR, Keane JF, Sherwood MC, Forbess JM, Perry SB, Lock JE. Management of coronary artery fistulae. Patient selection and results of transcatheter closure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39 (6) 1026-1032
• 14 Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG. Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries. In: Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG, , eds. Cardiac Surgery. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1993: 1167-1193
• 15 Bauer EP, Piepho A, Klövekorn WP. Coronary arteriovenous fistula: surgical correction of a rare form. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 42 (4) 237-239
• 16 Gowda RM, Vasavada BC, Khan IA. Coronary artery fistulas: clinical and therapeutic considerations. Int J Cardiol 2006; 107 (1) 7-10
• 17 Pelech AN. Coronary artery fistula. Available at: http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2505.htm. Accessed January 13, 2012
• 18 Latson LA. Coronary artery fistulas: how to manage them. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007; 70 (1) 110-116
• 19 Angelini P, Villason S, Chan AV, Diez JG. Normal and anomalous coronary arteries in humans. In: Angelini P, , ed. Coronary Artery Anomalies. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999: 27-150
• 20 Qureshi SA. Coronary arterial fistulas. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006; 1 (51) 51
• 21 Friedman AH, Fogel MA, Stephens Jr P , et al. Identification, imaging, functional assessment and management of congenital coronary arterial abnormalities in children. Cardiol Young 2007; 17 (2) (Suppl. 02) 56-67
• 22 Angelini P. Functionally significant versus intriguingly different coronary artery anatomy: anatomo-clinical correlations in coronary anomalies. G Ital Cardiol 1999; 29 (6) 607-615
• 23 Juraschek SP, Kovell LC, Childers RE, Chow GV, Hirsch GA. Heart failure with transient left bundle branch block in the setting of left coronary fistula. Cardiol Res Pract 2011; 2011: 786287
• 24 Dursun A, Demirbag R, Yildiz A, Sezen Y, Altiparmak IH, Yilmaz R. Diagnosis of the left circumflex coronary artery fistula drainage into the left ventricle by echocardiographic color Doppler flow imaging. Int J Cardiol 2009; 134 (3) e85-e86
• 25 Shiga Y, Tsuchiya Y, Yahiro E , et al. Left main coronary trunk connecting into right atrium with an aneurysmal coronary artery fistula. Int J Cardiol 2008; 123 (2) e28-e30
• 26 Maleszka A, Kleikamp G, Minami K, Peterschröder A, Körfer R. Giant coronary arteriovenous fistula. A case report and review of the literature. Z Kardiol 2005; 94 (1) 38-43
• 27 Zenooz NA, Habibi R, Mammen L, Finn JP, Gilkeson RC. Coronary artery fistulas: CT findings. Radiographics 2009; 29 (3) 781-789
• 28 Taylor AJ, Rogan KM, Virmani R. Sudden cardiac death associated with isolated congenital coronary artery anomalies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20 (3) 640-647
• 29 Androulakis A, Chrysohoou C, Barbetseas J , et al. Arteriovenous connection between the aorta and the coronary sinus through a giant fistulous right coronary artery. Hellenic J Cardiol 2008; 49 (1) 48-51
• 30 Rangasetty UC, Ahmad M. Giant coronary artery fistula with aneurysm and multiple openings: a two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation. Echocardiography 2006; 23 (7) 611-613
• 31 Said SA, Lam J, van der Werf T. Solitary coronary artery fistulas: a congenital anomaly in children and adults. A contemporary review. Congenit Heart Dis 2006; 1 (3) 63-76
• 32 Angelini P. Coronary artery anomalies—current clinical issues: definitions, classification, incidence, clinical relevance, and treatment guidelines. Tex Heart Inst J 2002; 29 (4) 271-278
• 33 Mahesh B, Navaratnarajah M, Mensah K, Amrani M. Treatment of high-output coronary artery fistula by off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting and ligation of fistula. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009; 9 (1) 124-126
• 34 Dimitrakakis G, Wheeler R, Von Oppell U , et al. Surgical management of a double coronary cameral fistula associated with mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, patent foramen ovale, and chronic atrial fibrillation. Heart Surg Forum 2008; 11 (4) E209-E212
• 35 Krishnamoorthy KM, Rao S. Transesophageal echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary arteriovenous fistula. Int J Cardiol 2004; 96 (2) 281-283
• 36 Lee CM, Leung TK, Wang HJ, Lee WH, Shen LK, Chen YY. Identification of a coronary-to-bronchial-artery communication with MDCT shows the diagnostic potential of this new technology: case report and review. J Thorac Imaging 2007; 22 (3) 274-276
• 37 Dodd JD, Ferencik M, Liberthson RR , et al. Evaluation of efficacy of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography in patients with congenital coronary fistulas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2008; 32 (2) 265-270
• 38 Srinivasan KG, Gaikwad A, Kannan BR, Ritesh K, Ushanandini KP. Congenital coronary artery anomalies: diagnosis with 64 slice multidetector row computed tomography coronary angiography: a single-centre study. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2008; 52 (2) 148-154
• 39 Parga JR, Ikari NM, Bustamante LNP, Rochitte CE, de Avila LFR, Oliveira SA. Case report: MRI evaluation of congenital coronary artery fistulae. Br J Radiol 2004; 77 (918) 508-511
• 40 Sibille L, Boudousq V, Soullier C, Rossi M, Mariano-Goulart D. Tc-99m tetrofosmin SPECT in coronary cameral fistula. Clin Nucl Med 2009; 34 (7) 473-474
• 41 Meissner A, Lins M, Herrmann G, Simon R. Multiple coronary artery-left ventricular fistulae: haemodynamic quantification by intracoronary Doppler ultrasound. Heart 1997; 78 (1) 91-93
• 42 Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM , et al. ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: Executive Summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease). Circulation 2008; 118 (23) 2395-2451
• 43 Collins N, Mehta R, Benson L, Horlick E. Percutaneous coronary artery fistula closure in adults: technical and procedural aspects. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007; 69 (6) 872-880
• 44 Reidy JF, Sowton E, Ross DN. Transcatheter occlusion of coronary to bronchial anastomosis by detachable balloon combined with coronary angioplasty at same procedure. Br Heart J 1983; 49 (3) 284-287
• 45 Perry SB, Rome J, Keane JF, Baim DS, Lock JE. Transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistulas. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20 (1) 205-209
• 46 Tacoy G, Ebinc H, Onal B, Abaci A, Ilgit E, Yalçin R. Congenitally severe tortuous circumflex artery fistula draining into the coronary sinus: transcatheter closure with Guglielmi detachable coils via different delivery system. J Cardiol 2009; 54 (2) 317-321
• 47 Zhu XY, Zhang DZ, Han XM , et al. Transcatheter closure of congenital coronary artery fistulae: immediate and long-term follow-up results. Clin Cardiol 2009; 32 (9) 506-512
• 48 Harikrishnan S, Bimal F, Ajithkumar V , et al. Percutaneous treatment of congenital coronary arteriovenous fistulas. J Interv Cardiol 2011; 24 (3) 208-215
• 49 Trehan V, Yusuf J, Mukhopadhyay S , et al. Transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistulas. Indian Heart J 2004; 56 (2) 132-139
• 50 Reidy JF, Anjos RT, Qureshi SA, Baker EJ, Tynan MJ. Transcatheter embolization in the treatment of coronary artery fistulas. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18 (1) 187-192
• 51 Said SA, Nijhuis RL, Op den Akker JW , et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach of congenital solitary coronary artery fistulas in adults: Dutch case series and review of literature. Neth Heart J 2011; 19 (4) 183-191
• 52 Trehan V, Yusuf J, Mukhopadhyay S , et al. Transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistulas. Indian Heart J 2004; 56 (2) 132-139
• 53 Alekyan BG, Podzolkov VP, Cárdenas CE. Transcatheter coil embolization of coronary artery fistula. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2002; 10 (1) 47-52
• 54 Qureshi SA, Tynan M. Catheter closure of coronary artery fistulas. J Interv Cardiol 2001; 14 (3) 299-307
• 55 Biorck G, Crafoord C. Arteriovenous aneurysm on the pulmonary artery simulating patent ductus arteriosus botalli. Thorax 1947; 2 (2) 65-74
• 56 Dimitrakakis G, Challoumas D, Moschonas K, Dimitrakaki IA. eComment. Surgical management of coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistulas. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012; 14 (1) 104
• 57 Olgunturk R, Kula S, Tunaoglu FS. Transcatheter closure of a rare form of coronary arteriovenous fistula (circumflex artery to coronary sinus). Int J Cardiol 2006; 113 (2) 261-263
• 58 Jung C, Jorns C, Huhta J. Doppler findings in a rare coronary artery fistula. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2007; 5: 10
• 59 Hoendermis ES, Waterbolk TW, Willems TP, Zijlstra F. Large common left and right coronary artery to coronary sinus fistula. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2006; 5 (6) 788-789
• 60 Bauer HH, Allmendinger PD, Flaherty J, Owlia D, Rossi MA, Chen C. Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula: spontaneous rupture and cardiac tamponade. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62 (5) 1521-1523
• 61 Bobos D, Chatzis AC, Giannopoulos NM , et al. Successful surgical repair of a giant arteriovenous fistula of the coronary arteries. J Card Surg 2006; 21 (3) 269-270
• 62 Said SM, Burkhart HM, Schaff HV , et al. Late outcome of repair of congenital coronary artery fistulas—a word of caution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 145 (2) 455-460
• 63 Kiefer TL, Crowley AL, Jaggers J, Harrison JK. Coronary arteriovenous fistulae: the complexity of coronary artery-to-coronary sinus connections. Tex Heart Inst J 2012; 39 (2) 218-222
• 64 Valente AM, Lock JE, Gauvreau K , et al. Predictors of long-term adverse outcomes in patients with congenital coronary artery fistulae. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 3 (2) 134-139
• 65 Cheung DL, Au WK, Cheung HH, Chiu CS, Lee WT. Coronary artery fistulas: long-term results of surgical correction. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71 (1) 190-195