Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1363296
Effect of Glyceryl Trinitrate on Staphylococcus aureus Growth and Leukocyte Activation during Simulated Extracorporeal Circulation
Publication History
16 August 2013
27 October 2013
Publication Date:
16 December 2013 (online)
Abstract
Background Previously, nitric oxide has been shown to possess antimicrobial effects. In this study, we aim to test the effect of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) on Staphylococcus aureus growth during simulated extracorporeal circulation (SECC) and also to examine the effect of S. aureus, alone and in combination with GTN, on activation markers of the innate immune system during SECC.
Methods In an in vitro system of SECC, we measured GTN-induced changes in markers of leukocyte activation in whole blood caused by S. aureus infestation, as well as the effect of GTN on S. aureus growth.
Results GTN had no effect on S. aureus growth after 240 minutes SECC. Staphylococcus aureus reduced the expression of granulocyte Fcγ-receptor CD32 but stimulated the expression of monocyte CD32. Staphylococcus aureus stimulated expression of some leukocyte adhesion key proteins, activation marker CD66b, lipopolysaccharide-receptor CD14, and C3b-receptor CD35. Staphylococcus aureus and GTN addition induced significant increases in monocyte CD63 (lysosomal granule protein) levels.
Conclusion GTN does not affect S. aureus growth during SECC and has no effect on SECC-induced leukocyte activation.
Keywords
glyceryl trinitrate - Staphylococcus aureus - simulated extracorporeal circulation - postoperative infection - cardiac surgeryNote
This study was approved by the appropriate ethics committee and performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
-
References
- 1 Harrington G, Russo P, Spelman D , et al. Surgical-site infection rates and risk factor analysis in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004; 25 (6) 472-476
- 2 Tegnell A, Arén C, Ohman L. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and sternal infections after cardiac operation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69 (4) 1104-1109
- 3 Collart F, Feier H, Kerbaul F , et al. Primary valvular surgery in octogenarians: perioperative outcome. J Heart Valve Dis 2005; 14 (2) 238-242 , discussion 242
- 4 Saadatian-Elahi M, Teyssou R, Vanhems P. Staphylococcus aureus, the major pathogen in orthopaedic and cardiac surgical site infections: a literature review. Int J Surg 2008; 6 (3) 238-245
- 5 Melki V, Tran PK, Tano E, Knutson F, Borowiec JW. Enhanced growth of Staphylococcus aureus after nitric oxide supplementation during simulated extracorporeal circulation. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 58 (2) 81-85
- 6 Kobzik L. Translating NO biology into clinical advances: still searching for the right dictionary?. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41 (1) 9-13
- 7 Bátai I, Kerényi M, Tekeres M. The growth of bacteria in intravenous glyceryl trinitrate and in sodium nitroprusside. Anesth Analg 1999; 89 (6) 1570-1572
- 8 Ferrer-Sueta G, Radi R. Chemical biology of peroxynitrite: kinetics, diffusion, and radicals. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4 (3) 161-177
- 9 Russwurm S, Vickers J, Meier-Hellmann A , et al. Platelet and leukocyte activation correlate with the severity of septic organ dysfunction. Shock 2002; 17 (4) 263-268
- 10 Yagupsky P, Nolte FS. Quantitative aspects of septicemia. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990; 3 (3) 269-279
- 11 Hamblin A, Taylor M, Bernhagen J , et al. A method of preparing blood leucocytes for flow cytometry which prevents upregulation of leucocyte integrins. J Immunol Methods 1992; 146 (2) 219-228
- 12 Torsteinsdóttir I, Arvidson NG, Hällgren R, Håkansson L. Monocyte activation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): increased integrin, Fc gamma and complement receptor expression and the effect of glucocorticoids. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 115 (3) 554-560
- 13 Winberg ME, Rasmusson B, Sundqvist T. Leishmania donovani: inhibition of phagosomal maturation is rescued by nitric oxide in macrophages. Exp Parasitol 2007; 117 (2) 165-170
- 14 Cartwright JE, Whitley GS, Johnstone AP. Endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression and lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells: effect of nitric oxide. Exp Cell Res 1997; 235 (2) 431-434
- 15 Christen S, Finckh B, Lykkesfeldt J , et al. Oxidative stress precedes peak systemic inflammatory response in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass operation. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 38 (10) 1323-1332
- 16 Dyson A, Singer M. Animal models of sepsis: why does preclinical efficacy fail to translate to the clinical setting?. Crit Care Med 2009; 37 (1, Suppl): S30-S37
- 17 Richardson AR, Dunman PM, Fang FC. The nitrosative stress response of Staphylococcus aureus is required for resistance to innate immunity. Mol Microbiol 2006; 61 (4) 927-939
- 18 Foster TJ. Immune evasion by staphylococci. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005; 3 (12) 948-958
- 19 Rooijakkers SH, van Kessel KP, van Strijp JA. Staphylococcal innate immune evasion. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13 (12) 596-601
- 20 Anwar S, Prince LR, Foster SJ, Whyte MK, Sabroe I. The rise and rise of Staphylococcus aureus: laughing in the face of granulocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157 (2) 216-224
- 21 Shoker AS, Yang H, Murabit MA, Jamil H, al-Ghoul A, Okasha K. Analysis of the in vitro effect of exogenous nitric oxide on human lymphocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 1997; 171 (1-2) 75-83