Postoperative Complications after Repair of Tibial Plateau Fractures

Kevin J. Choo; Saam Morshed

doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363517

The Journal of Knee Surgery, Inhaltsverzeichnis

J Knee Surg 2014; 27(01): 011-020
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1363517

Special Focus Section

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Postoperative Complications after Repair of Tibial Plateau Fractures

Kevin J. Choo

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California

,

Saam Morshed

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California

²Orthopaedic Trauma Institute at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

Tibial plateau fractures are common orthopedic injuries and represent a spectrum of injury severity defined by the fracture morphology and the associated soft tissue injury. The management of tibial plateau fractures is challenging, and patients are at risk for adverse outcomes including infection, malunion, nonunion, and stiffness. Accurate diagnosis and early management can mitigate the impact of these complications. When complications do occur, a principle-based approach outlined in this review can minimize the burden to patients in their return to function.

Keywords

tibial plateau fracture - complications - open reduction - internal fixation - postoperative infection

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Schatzker J, McBroom R, Bruce D. The tibial plateau fracture. The Toronto experience 1968–1975. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979; (138, C) 94-104
2 Marsh J, Slongo TF, Agel J , et al. Fracture and dislocation classification compendium-2007: Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification, database and outcomes committee. J Orthop Trauma 2007; 21 (10 Suppl): S1-S33
3 Rademakers MV, Kerkhoffs GM, Sierevelt IN, Raaymakers EL, Marti RK. Operative treatment of 109 tibial plateau fractures: five- to 27-year follow-up results. J Orthop Trauma 2007; 21 (1) 5-10
4 Barei DP, Nork SE, Mills WJ, Henley MB, Benirschke SK. Complications associated with internal fixation of high-energy bicondylar tibial plateau fractures utilizing a two-incision technique. J Orthop Trauma 2004; 18 (10) 649-657
5 Morris BJ, Unger RZ, Archer KR, Mathis SL, Perdue AM, Obremskey WT. Risk factors of infection after ORIF of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2013; 27 (9) e196-e200
6 Young MJ, Barrack RL. Complications of internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures. Orthop Rev 1994; 23 (2) 149-154
7 Musahl V, Tarkin I, Kobbe P, Tzioupis C, Siska PA, Pape HC. New trends and techniques in open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of the tibial plateau. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2009; 91 (4) 426-433
8 Stevens DG, Beharry R, McKee MD, Waddell JP, Schemitsch EH. The long-term functional outcome of operatively treated tibial plateau fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2001; 15 (5) 312-320
9 Jiang R, Luo C-F, Wang M-C, Yang T-Y, Zeng B-F. A comparative study of Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS) fixation and two-incision double plating for the treatment of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Knee 2008; 15 (2) 139-143
10 Schütz M, Kääb MJ, Haas N. Stabilization of proximal tibial fractures with the LIS-System: early clinical experience in Berlin. Injury 2003; 34 (Suppl. 01) A30-A35
11 Cole PA, Zlowodzki M, Kregor PJ. Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS) for fractures of the proximal tibia: indications, surgical technique and preliminary results of the UMC Clinical Trial. Injury 2003; 34 (Suppl. 01) A16-A29
12 Stannard JP, Wilson TC, Volgas DA, Alonso JE. Fracture stabilization of proximal tibial fractures with the proximal tibial LISS: early experience in Birmingham, Alabama (USA). Injury 2003; 34 (Suppl. 01) A36-A42
13 Egol KA, Su E, Tejwani NC, Sims SH, Kummer FJ, Koval KJ. Treatment of complex tibial plateau fractures using the less invasive stabilization system plate: clinical experience and a laboratory comparison with double plating. J Trauma 2004; 57 (2) 340-346
14 McKee M ; Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Open reduction and internal fixation compared with circular fixator application for bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88 (12) 2613-2623
15 Marsh JL, Smith ST, Do TT. External fixation and limited internal fixation for complex fractures of the tibial plateau. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77 (5) 661-673
16 Mikulak SA, Gold SM, Zinar DM. Small wire external fixation of high energy tibial plateau fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998; (356) 230-238
17 Weigel DP, Marsh JL. High-energy fractures of the tibial plateau. Knee function after longer follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002; 84-A (9) 1541-1551
18 Egol KA, Tejwani NC, Capla EL, Wolinsky PL, Koval KJ. Staged management of high-energy proximal tibia fractures (OTA types 41): the results of a prospective, standardized protocol. J Orthop Trauma 2005; 19 (7) 448-455 , discussion 456
19 Barei DP, Nork SE, Mills WJ, Coles CP, Henley MB, Benirschke SK. Functional outcomes of severe bicondylar tibial plateau fractures treated with dual incisions and medial and lateral plates. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88 (8) 1713-1721
20 Lin S, Mauffrey C, Hammerberg EM, Stahel PF, Hak DJ. Surgical site infection after open reduction and internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2013; (e-pub ahead of print)
21 Colman M, Wright A, Gruen G, Siska P, Pape H-C, Tarkin I. Prolonged operative time increases infection rate in tibial plateau fractures. Injury 2013; 44 (2) 249-252
22 Weinlein J, Schmidt A. Acute compartment syndrome in tibial plateau fractures—beware!. J Knee Surg 2010; 23 (1) 9-16
23 Zura RD, Adams Jr SB, Jeray KJ, Obremskey WT, Stinnett SS, Olson SA ; Southeastern Fracture Consortium Foundation. Timing of definitive fixation of severe tibial plateau fractures with compartment syndrome does not have an effect on the rate of infection. J Trauma 2010; 69 (6) 1523-1526
24 Berkson EM, Virkus WW. High-energy tibial plateau fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2006; 14 (1) 20-31
25 Laible C, Earl-Royal E, Davidovitch R, Walsh M, Egol KA. Infection after spanning external fixation for high-energy tibial plateau fractures: is pin site-plate overlap a problem?. J Orthop Trauma 2012; 26 (2) 92-97
26 Husain T, Kim D. C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in orthopaedics. Univ Pennsylvania Orthop J 2002; 15: 13-16
27 Schmidt AH, Swiontkowski MF. Pathophysiology of infections after internal fixation of fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000; 8 (5) 285-291
28 Berkes M, Obremskey WT, Scannell B, Ellington JK, Hymes RA, Bosse M ; Southeast Fracture Consortium. Maintenance of hardware after early postoperative infection following fracture internal fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92 (4) 823-828
29 Fletcher N, Sofianos D, Berkes MB, Obremskey WT. Prevention of perioperative infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89 (7) 1605-1618
30 Leininger BE, Rasmussen TE, Smith DL, Jenkins DH, Coppola C. Experience with wound VAC and delayed primary closure of contaminated soft tissue injuries in Iraq. J Trauma 2006; 61 (5) 1207-1211
31 Stannard JP, Volgas DA, McGwin III G , et al. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy after high-risk lower extremity fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2012; 26 (1) 37-42
32 Cierny III G. Surgical treatment of osteomyelitis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127 (Suppl. 01) 190S-204S
33 Egol KA, Karunakar MA, Marroum MC, Sims SH, Kellam JF, Bosse MJ. Detection of indolent infection at the time of revision fracture surgery. J Trauma 2002; 52 (6) 1198-1201
34 Lonner JH, Desai P, Dicesare PE, Steiner G, Zuckerman JD. The reliability of analysis of intraoperative frozen sections for identifying active infection during revision hip or knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996; 78 (10) 1553-1558
35 Kobayashi N, Bauer TW, Tuohy MJ, Fujishiro T, Procop GW. Brief ultrasonication improves detection of biofilm-formative bacteria around a metal implant. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007; 457: 210-213
36 Kobayashi H, Oethinger M, Tuohy MJ, Procop GW, Bauer TW. Improved detection of biofilm-formative bacteria by vortexing and sonication: a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467 (5) 1360-1364
37 Patzakis MJ, Zalavras CG. Chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis and infected nonunion of the tibia: current management concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2005; 13 (6) 417-427
38 Termaat MF, Raijmakers PGHM, Scholten HJ, Bakker FC, Patka P, Haarman HJTM. The accuracy of diagnostic imaging for the assessment of chronic osteomyelitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87 (11) 2464-2471
39 Cierny III G, Mader JT, Penninck JJ. A clinical staging system for adult osteomyelitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003; (414): 7-24
40 McKee MD, Li-Bland EA, Wild LM, Schemitsch EH. A prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing an antibiotic-impregnated bioabsorbable bone substitute with standard antibiotic-impregnated cement beads in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis and infected nonunion. J Orthop Trauma 2010; 24 (8) 483-490
41 Cierny III G, DiPasquale D. Treatment of chronic infection. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2006; 14 (10 Spec No.): S105-S110
42 Bishop J, Agel J, Dunbar R. Predictive factors for knee stiffness after periarticular fracture: a case-control study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012; 94 (20) 1833-1838
43 Magit D, Wolff A, Sutton K, Medvecky MJ. Arthrofibrosis of the knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2007; 15 (11) 682-694
44 Gausewitz S, Hohl M. The significance of early motion in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986; (202) 135-138
45 Gardner MJ, Yacoubian S, Geller D , et al. The incidence of soft tissue injury in operative tibial plateau fractures: a magnetic resonance imaging analysis of 103 patients. J Orthop Trauma 2005; 19 (2) 79-84
46 Stannard JP, Lopez R, Volgas D. Soft tissue injury of the knee after tibial plateau fractures. J Knee Surg 2010; 23 (4) 187-192
47 Dwyer T, Marx RG, Whelan D. Outcomes of treatment of multiple ligament knee injuries. J Knee Surg 2012; 25 (4) 317-326
48 Sprague III NF, O'Connor RL, Fox JM. Arthroscopic treatment of postoperative knee fibroarthrosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1982; (166) 165-172
49 Shelbourne KD, Patel DV, Martini DJ. Classification and management of arthrofibrosis of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24 (6) 857-862
50 Noyes FR, Berrios-Torres S, Barber-Westin SD, Heckmann TP. Prevention of permanent arthrofibrosis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction alone or combined with associated procedures: a prospective study in 443 knees. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000; 8 (4) 196-206
51 Kim J, Nelson CL, Lotke PA. Stiffness after total knee arthroplasty. Prevalence of the complication and outcomes of revision. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86-A (7) 1479-1484
52 Lee D-H, Kim T-H, Jung S-J, Cha E-J, Bin S-I. Modified judet quadricepsplasty and Ilizarov frame application for stiff knee after femur fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2010; 24 (11) 709-715
53 Scranton Jr PE. Management of knee pain and stiffness after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2001; 16 (4) 428-435
54 Warner JJ. The Judet quadricepsplasty for management of severe posttraumatic extension contracture of the knee. A report of a bilateral case and review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990; (256) 169-173
55 Ali AM, El-Shafie M, Willett KM. Failure of fixation of tibial plateau fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2002; 16 (5) 323-329
56 Gosling T, Schandelmaier P, Muller M, Hankemeier S, Wagner M, Krettek C. Single lateral locked screw plating of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005; 439 (439) 207-214
57 Ali AM, Saleh M, Eastell R, Wigderowitz CA, Rigby AS, Yang L. Influence of bone quality on the strength of internal and external fixation of tibial plateau fractures. J Orthop Res 2006; 24 (11) 2080-2086
58 Honkonen SE. Indications for surgical treatment of tibial condyle fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1994; 302 (302) 199-205
59 Biyani A, Reddy NS, Chaudhury J, Simison AJ, Klenerman L. The results of surgical management of displaced tibial plateau fractures in the elderly. Injury 1995; 26 (5) 291-297
60 Marsh JL, Buckwalter J, Gelberman R , et al. Articular fractures: does an anatomic reduction really change the result?. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002; 84-A (7) 1259-1271
61 Marsh JL, Smith ST, Do TT. External fixation and limited internal fixation for complex fractures of the tibial plateau. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77 (5) 661-673
62 Benirschke SK, Agnew SG, Mayo KA, Santoro VM, Henley MB. Immediate internal fixation of open, complex tibial plateau fractures: treatment by a standard protocol. J Orthop Trauma 1992; 6 (1) 78-86
63 Delamarter RB, Hohl M, Hopp Jr E. Ligament injuries associated with tibial plateau fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990; 250 (250) 226-233
64 Marti RK, Kerkhoffs GMMJ. Malunions and nonunions about the knee. In: Browner B, , ed. Skeletal Trauma. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2008
65 Streubel PN, Glasgow D, Wong A, Barei DP, Ricci WM, Gardner MJ. Sagittal plane deformity in bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2011; 25 (9) 560-565
66 Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Rademakers MV, Altena M, Marti RK. Combined intra-articular and varus opening wedge osteotomy for lateral depression and valgus malunion of the proximal part of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 (6) 1252-1257
67 Marti RK, Verhagen RA, Kerkhoffs GM, Moojen TM. Proximal tibial varus osteotomy. Indications, technique, and five to twenty-one-year results. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001; 83-A (2) 164-170
68 King GJ, Schatzker J. Nonunion of a complex tibial plateau fracture. J Orthop Trauma 1991; 5 (2) 209-212
69 Moore TM, Patzakis MJ, Harvey JP. Tibial plateau fractures: definition, demographics, treatment rationale, and long-term results of closed traction management or operative reduction. J Orthop Trauma 1987; 1 (2) 97-119
70 Brinker MR, O'Connor DP, Monla YT, Earthman TP. Metabolic and endocrine abnormalities in patients with nonunions. J Orthop Trauma 2007; 21 (8) 557-570
71 Castillo RC, Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Patterson BM ; LEAP Study Group. Impact of smoking on fracture healing and risk of complications in limb-threatening open tibia fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2005; 19 (3) 151-157
72 Nåsell H, Adami J, Samnegård E, Tønnesen H, Ponzer S. Effect of smoking cessation intervention on results of acute fracture surgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92 (6) 1335-1342
73 Møller AM, Villebro N, Pedersen T, Tønnesen H. Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet 2002; 359 (9301) 114-117
74 Stucken C, Olszewski DC, Creevy WR, Murakami AM, Tornetta P. Preoperative diagnosis of infection in patients with nonunions. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95 (15) 1409-1412
75 Toro-Arbelaez JB, Gardner MJ, Shindle MK, Cabas JM, Lorich DG, Helfet DL. Open reduction and internal fixation of intraarticular tibial plateau nonunions. Injury 2007; 38 (3) 378-383