Facial Plast Surg 2014; 30(02): 152-156
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371897
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

The Pain Truth: Recognizing the Influence of Pain on Cosmetic Outcomes

Steven H. Dayan
1   Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
08. Mai 2014 (online)

Abstract

Anxiety is an under recognized and major obstacle among patients seeking cosmetic procedures. The ability to alleviate it may be essential for achieving high patient satisfaction and better outcomes. Key initiators leading to anxiety include the fear of appearing unnatural and the fear of pain. Pain perception can be mitigated or augmented by psychological factors. Based on patient expectations, they may experience diminished pain perception through the placebo effect or catastrophized pain due to previous painful experiences. It is also important to recognize the influence of religion, cultural, ethnic, and gender bias on pain perception. In recent years, the aesthetic medical community has responded to patient demand for more minimally invasive procedures with more natural appearing result, resulting in a dramatic increase in the number of cosmetic procedures performed each year. Achieving pain and anxiety-free aesthetic medicine will likely result in a pronounced increase in the demand for cosmetic treatments.

 
  • References

  • 1 Dayan S. Subliminally Exposed. New York: Morgan James Publishing; 2013
  • 2 Weiss RA, Lavin PT. Reduction of pain and anxiety prior to botulinum toxin injections with a new topical anesthetic method. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 25 (3) 173-177
  • 3 Drumm TL, Arkins JP, Dayan SH. Retailicine, somewhere between retail and medicine. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2010; 18 (4) 491-498
  • 4 Van Damme S, Crombez G, Eccleston C. Disengagement from pain: the role of catastrophic thinking about pain. Pain 2004; 107 (1-2) 70-76
  • 5 Protheroe SM. Congenital insensitivity to pain. J R Soc Med 1991; 84 (9) 558-559
  • 6 Beecher HK. Pain in men wounded in battle. Ann Surg 1946; 123 (1) 96-105
  • 7 Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 1965; 150 (3699) 971-979
  • 8 Waber RL, Shiv B, Carmon Z, Ariely D. Commercial features of placebo and therapeutic efficacy. JAMA 2008; 299 (9) 1016-1017
  • 9 Quartana PJ, Campbell CM, Edwards RR. Pain catastrophizing: a critical review. Expert Rev Neurother 2009; 9 (5) 745-758
  • 10 Rahim-Williams B, Riley III JL, Williams AK, Fillingim RB. A quantitative review of ethnic group differences in experimental pain response: do biology, psychology, and culture matter?. Pain Med 2012; 13 (4) 522-540
  • 11 Cavlica B, Bereket Yücel S, Darçin N, Mirzai IT, Erbüyün K. Pain perception of female professional volleyball players during different phases of mensturation [in Turkish]. Agri 2009; 21 (1) 29-35
  • 12 Jankowski KS. Morning types are less sensitive to pain than evening types all day long. Eur J Pain 2013; 17 (7) 1068-1073
  • 13 Studnek JR, Fernandez AR, Vandeventer S, Davis S, Garvey L. The association between patients' perception of their overall quality of care and their perception of pain management in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care 2013; 17 (3) 386-391
  • 14 Hamilton DF, Lane JV, Gaston P , et al. What determines patient satisfaction with surgery? A prospective cohort study of 4709 patients following total joint replacement. BMJ Open 2013; 3 (4) e002525
  • 15 Hanna MN, González-Fernández M, Barrett AD, Williams KA, Pronovost P. Does patient perception of pain control affect patient satisfaction across surgical units in a tertiary teaching hospital?. Am J Med Qual 2012; 27 (5) 411-416
  • 16 Laine C, Davidoff F, Lewis CE , et al. Important elements of outpatient care: a comparison of patients' and physicians' opinions. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125 (8) 640-645
  • 17 Hadjistavropoulos HD, Ross MA, von Baeyer CL. Are physicians' ratings of pain affected by patients' physical attractiveness?. Soc Sci Med 1990; 31 (1) 69-72
  • 18 Milgrom P, Coldwell SE, Getz T, Weinstein P, Ramsay DS. Four dimensions of fear of dental injections. J Am Dent Assoc 1997; 128 (6) 756-766
  • 19 Pawlicki RE. Psychological/behavioral techniques in managing pain and anxiety in the dental patient. Anesth Prog 1991; 38 (4-5) 120-127
  • 20 Caddick J, Jawad S, Southern S, Majumder S. The power of words: sources of anxiety in patients undergoing local anaesthetic plastic surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2012; 94 (2) 94-98
  • 21 Elliott TG. Tips for a better local anaesthetic. Australas J Dermatol 1998; 39 (1) 50-51
  • 22 Brandt F, Bank D, Cross SL, Weiss R. A lidocaine-containing formulation of large-gel particle hyaluronic acid alleviates pain. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36 (Suppl. 03) 1876-1885
  • 23 American Society for Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery. Available at: http://www.surgery.org/ . Accessed November 5, 2013
  • 24 Allen SB, Goldenberg NA. Pain difference associated with injection of abobotulinumtoxinA reconstituted with preserved saline and preservative-free saline: a prospective, randomized, side-by-side, double-blind study. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38 (6) 867-870