Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1382055
Functional Movement ScreenTM – Normative Values in Healthy Distance Runners
Publication History
accepted after revision 30 April 2014
Publication Date:
21 August 2014 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/sportsmed/201414/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0034-1382055-1.jpg)
Abstract
Recreational runners have an estimated overuse injury incidence rate of up to 79% and 90% for marathoners. A pre-participation screening tool that can identify risk for injury may help reduce overuse injury in runners. The Functional Movement Screen (FMSTM) is a reliable clinical tool used with athletes to help predict injury. To date, the FMSTM has not been used with endurance athletes. The purpose of this article is to establish normative FMSTM values for distance runners. 45 healthy runners performed the FMSTM. Descriptive statistics were calculated; independent t-tests were performed to examine the effect of gender, experience and injury on scores. A Chi-square test was used to evaluate whether significant differences in scores exist for any component of the FMSTM. The mean FMSTM score was 13.13±1.8. No significant differences in FMSTM scores were found between novice and experienced runners (p=0.71) or runners with a history of injury and those without (p=0.20). While male and female runners did not differ significantly in their total FMSTM score (p=0.65), significant differences were found in the deep squat (p<0.05), trunk stability push-up (p<0.001) and active straight leg raise components (p=0.002). This study provides normative values for FMSTM scores when testing uninjured distance runners.
-
References
- 1 Bahr R, Holme I. Risk factors for sports injuries – a methodological approach. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37: 384-392
- 2 Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Understanding injury mechanisms: a key component of preventing injuries in sport. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 324-329
- 3 Blair S. Physical inactivity: The biggest public health problem of the 21st Century. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43: 1-2
- 4 Bovens A, Janssen G, Vermeer H, Hoeberigs J, Janssen M. Occurrence of running injuries in adults following a supervised training program. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: S186-S190
- 5 Chapman RF, Laymon AS, Wilhite DP, McKenzie JM, Tanner DA, Stager JM. Ground contact time as an indicator of metabolic cost in elite distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44: 917-925
- 6 Chorley J, Cianca J, Divine J, Hew T. Baseline injury risk factors for runners starting a marathon training program. Clin J Sports Med 2002; 12: 18-23
- 7 Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B. Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function – part 1. North Am J Sports Phys Ther 2006; 1: 62-72
- 8 Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B. Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function – Part 2. North Am J Sports Phys Ther 2006; 1: 132-139
- 9 Fredericson M, Misra AK. Epidemiology and aetiology of marathon running injuries. Sports Med 2007; 37: 437-439
- 10 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sports and exercise science research: 2014 update. Int J Sports Med 2013; 34: 1025-1028
- 11 Herzog W. Running injuries, is it a question of evolution, form, tissue properties, mileage, or shoes?. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 40
- 12 Hreljac A, Ferber R. A biomechanical perspective of predicting injury risk in running. Int Sports Med J 2006; 7: 98-108
- 13 Kibler W, Chandler T, Uhl T, Maddux R. A musculoskeletal approach to the preparticipation physical examination: Preventing injury and improving performance. Am J Sports Med 1989; 17: 525-531
- 14 Kibler WB, Press J, Sciascia A. The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Med 2006; 36: 189-198
- 15 Kiesel KB, Plisky P, Voight MI. Can serious injury in professional football be predicted by a preseason functional movement screen?. North Am J Sports Phys Ther 2007; 2: 147-158
- 16 Lampaa R. Marathon, half-marathon and state of sport report. Colorado Springs, CO; Running USA: 2011
- 17 Lun V, Meeuwisse WH, Stergiou P, Stefanyshyn D. Relation between running injury and static lower limb alignment in recreational runners. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38: 576-580
- 18 Marti B, Vader JP, Minder CE, Abelin T. On the epidemiology of running injuries: The 1984 Bern Grand-Prix study. Am J Sports Med 1988; 16: 285-294
- 19 Minick KI, Kiesel K, Burton L, Taylor A, Plisky P, Butler RJ. Interrater Reliability of the Functional Movement Screen. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24: 479-486
- 20 Nigg B. The Role of Impact Forces and Foot Pronation: A New Paradigm. Clin J Sports Med 2001; 11: 2-9
- 21 Noehren B, Pohl MB, Sanchez Z, Cunningham T, Lattermann C. Proximal and distal kinematics in female runners with patellofemoral pain. Clin Biomech 2012; 27: 366-371
- 22 Parenteau-G E, Gaudreault N, Chambers S, Boisvert C, Grenier A, Gagné G, Balg F. Functional movement screen test: A reliable screening test for young elite ice hockey players. Phys Ther Sport. 2013
- 23 Plisky P, Rauh M, Kaminski T, Underwood F. Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2006; 36: 911-919
- 24 Pollock ML, Jackson AS, Pate RR. Discriminant Analysis of Physiological Differences Between Good and Elite Distance Runners. Res Quart Exerc Sport 1980; 51: 521-532
- 25 Powers C. The influence of altered lower-extremity kinematics on patellofemoral joint dysfunction: A theoretical persepctive. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther 2003; 33: 639-646
- 26 Powers CM. The influence of abnormal hip mechanics on knee injury: a biomechanical perspective. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010; 40: 42-51
- 27 Rolf C. Overuse injuries of the lower extremity in runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1995; 5: 181-190
- 28 Ryan MB, MacLean C, Taunton JE. A review of anthropometric, biomechanical, neuromuscular and training related factors associated with injury in runners. Int Sports Med J 2006; 7: 120-137
- 29 Satterthwaite P, Norton R, Larmer P. Risk factors for injuries and other health problems sustained in a marathon. Br J Sports Med 1999; 33: 22-26
- 30 Schneiders AG, Davidsson A, Horman E, Sullivan JS. Functional Movement Screen Normative Values in a Young, Active Population. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2011; 6: 75-82
- 31 Schnohr P, Marott JL, Lange P, Jensen GB. Longevity in Male and Female Joggers: The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177: 683-689
- 32 Taunton JE, Ryan MB, Clement DB, McKenzie DC, Lloyd-Smith DR, Zumbo BD. A retrospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries. Br J Sports Med 2002 36: 95-101
- 33 van Gent RN, Siem D, van Middelkoop M, van Os AG, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Koes BW. Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41: 469-480
- 34 van Mechelen W. Running Injuries: A Review of the Epidemiological Literature. Sports Med 1992; 14: 320-335
- 35 Wen DY, Puffer JC, Schmalzried TP. Lower extremity alignment and risk of overuse injuries in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 1291-1298
- 36 Wen DY, Puffer JC, Schmalzried TP. Injuries in Runners: A Prospective Study of Alignment. Clin J Sports Med 1998; 8: 187-194
- 37 Whatman C, Hing W, Hume P. Kinematics during lower extremity functional screening tests – are they reliable and related to jogging?. Phys Ther Sport 2011; 12: 22-29
- 38 Williams III DS, McClay IS, Hamill J. Arch structure and injury patterns in runners. Clin Biomech 2001; 16: 341-347
- 39 Willson JD, Dougherty CP, Ireland ML, Davis IM. Core stability and its relationship to lower extremity function and injury. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2005; 13: 316-325
- 40 Willson JD, Ireland ML, Davis IS. Core strength and lower extremity alignment during single leg squats. Med Sci Sports & Exerc 2006; 38: 945-952
- 41 Wilson J, Davis I. Utility of frontal plane projection angle in females with patellofemoral pain. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther 2008; 38: 606-615
- 42 Zadpoor AA, Nikooyan AA. The relationship between lower-extremity stress fractures and the ground reaction force: a systematic review. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011; 26: 23-28