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DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1383179
Akute Bandverletzung am oberen Sprunggelenk
Acute ligament injuries of the anklePublication History
Publication Date:
04 February 2015 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Akute Bandverletzungen am oberen Sprunggelenk lassen sich einteilen in Läsionen des Außenbands, des Innenbands und der Syndesmose. Ursache der häufigen Außenbandverletzungen sind oft Supinationstraumen. Betroffen ist meist das Lig. fibulotalare anterius, manchmal in Kombination mit dem Lig. fibulocalcaneare. Im Akutfall erfolgt die Therapie meist konservativ mittels Sprunggelenksorthese. Für die operative Versorgung kommt, je nach Rupturlokalisation, die direkte Naht sowie die Re-Insertion transossär oder mittels Fadenanker infrage. Rupturen des Innenbands treten nur sehr selten isoliert auf. Die Therapiewahl hängt daher von den Begleitverletzungen ab. Eine operative Versorgung erfolgt insbesondere dann, wenn das rupturierte Innenband ein Repositionshindernis einer gleichzeitig bestehenden Außenknöchelfraktur oder einer Syndesmosenverletzung darstellt. Innenbandrupturen sind i. d. R. intraligamentär, sodass eine direkte Nahtversorgung möglich ist. Syndesmosenverletzungen treten oftmals gemeinsam mit Sprunggelenksfrakturen (Sonderfall: Maisonneuve-Fraktur) oder mit Innenbandläsionen auf. Sie können aber auch isoliert vorkommen und werden dann leicht übersehen. Eine röntgenologisch nachweisbare Instabilität oder die Kernspintomografie ist dann richtungsweisend. Die Therapie ist i. d. R. operativ mit offener Einstellung und Naht des vorderen Syndesmosenbands sowie der Einbringung fibulotibialer Stellschrauben für etwa 6 Wochen. Knöcherne Syndesmosenausrisse sollten, wenn möglich, osteosynthetisch versorgt werden.
Abstract
Acute ligament injuries around the tibiotalar joint may occur as lateral ankle sprains, medial ankle sprains, and syndesmosis sprains (high ankle sprains). The frequent lateral ankle sprains are commonly caused by foot inversion trauma. Isolated disruption of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) occurs more often than the combined rupture of ATFL and CFL (calcaneofibular ligament). Treatment of an acute injury of the lateral ligamentous complex normally is conservative using a brace. Operative reconstruction depends on the place of disruption and may be achieved by direct suture, transosseous sutures, or suture anchors. Isolated medial ankle sprains are very rare. Therefore therapy depends on the associated injuries. Operative treatment is indicated if the disrupted deltoid ligament impedes proper reduction of an ankle fracture or a syndesmosis sprain. Disruptions of the deltoid ligament normally are intrasubstance, allowing for repair by direct suturing. Syndesmosis sprains are often accompanied by ankle fractures (i.e. Maisonneuve lesion) or deltoid ligament ruptures. However there may also be isolated lesions, which can be missed easily. Diagnosis can be made by radiographic detection of instability or by the MRI. The therapy is commonly operative and consists of reduction, anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament reconstruction and application of a fibulo-tibial set screw for 6 weeks. Bony avulsions should be fixed if possible.
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