RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1390238
Tonuserhöhung nach Schädel-Hirn-Trauma: Akut- und Postakutphase
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
09. September 2014 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/neuroreha/201403/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0034-1390238-1.jpg)
Zusammenfassung
Eine Tonuserhöhung der Skelettmuskulatur wird klinisch definiert als Widerstand bei passiver Bewegung [17]. Dieser Widerstand wird durch die Aktivierung des Muskels (= neurale Komponente) sowie durch die Veränderungen des Bindegewebes des Muskels und der Sehnen (= nicht neurale Komponente) verursacht. Obwohl diese Definition klar und einleuchtend ist, tauchen in der Praxis viele Fragen auf, z. B. welche Rolle die Geschwindigkeit der passiven Bewegung spielt, ob der Widerstand abhängig von der Körperposition des Patienten ist, wie er skaliert wird, wie die neurale von der nicht neuralen Komponente unterschieden und die neurale Komponente weiter differenziert werden kann.
-
Literatur
- 1 Ashworth B. Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis. Practitioner 1964; 192: 540-542
- 2 Bakhtiary AH, Fatemy E. Does electrical stimulation reduce spasticity after stroke? A randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil 2008; 22 (5) 418-425
- 3 Bennett HA. Muscular hypertonicity in paralysis. Brain 1888; 10 (4) 289-312
- 4 Benz HJ. Zur wohldosierten, patientenfreundlichen Mobilisation von Patienten nach Schädel-Hirn-Trauma. Krankengymnastik 1996; 48: 870-882
- 5 Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth-scale of muscle spasticity. Physical Therapy 1987; 67 (2) 206-207
- 6 Boyd R, Graham H. Objective measurement of clinical findings in the use of Botulinum toxin type A for the management of children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Neurol 1999; 6: S23–35
- 7 Boyd R, Ada L. Physiotherapy management of spasticity. In: Barnes M, Johnson G. eds. Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome and Spasticity. Clinical Management and Neurophysiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001
- 8 Ganong WF. Medizinische Physiologie. Berlin: Springer; 1972
- 9 Gerstenbrand F. Das traumatische apallische Syndrom. Wien: Springer; 1967
- 10 Giacino JT, Ashwal S, Childs N et al. The minimally conscious state: Definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology 2002; 58 (3) 349-353
- 11 Hagel K, Ulmar G, Bockenheimer S et al. Beitrag zur Myositis ossificans nach Schädel-Hirntraumen. Nervenarzt 1983; 54 (2) 92-96
- 12 Held J, Peierrot-Deseilligny E. Reeducation motrice des avections neurologiques. Paris: Bailliere; 1999
- 13 Hopf HCH, Poeck K, Schliack H. Neurologie in Praxis und Klinik. Bd. 1. 2. Aufl Stuttgart: Thieme; 1992
- 14 Lee SJ, Sung IY, Jang DH et al. The effect and complication of Botulinum toxin type A injection with serial casting for the treatment of spastic equinus foot. Ann Rehabil Med 2011; 35 (3) 344-353
- 15 Levin MF, Hui-Chan CW. Relief of hemiparetic spasticity by TENS is associated with improvement in reflex and voluntary motor functions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 85 (2) 131-142
- 16 Moseley AM, Hassett LM, Leung J et al. Serial casting versus positioning for the treatment of elbow contractures in adults with traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2008; 22: 406-417
- 17 O’Dwyer NJ, Ada L, Neilson PD. Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke. Brain 1996; 119: 737-749
- 18 Pizzi A, Carlucci G, Falsini C et al. Application of a volar static splint in poststroke spasticity of the upper limb. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86 (9) 1855-1859
- 19 Pohl M. Apparative und klinische Messmethoden zur Objektivierung des spastischen Syndroms. neuroreha 2010; 3: 111-117
- 20 Pohl M, Mehrholz J. Critical-Illness-Polyneuropathie und Critical-Illness-Myopathie. neuroreha 2013; 1: 10-16
- 21 Richards CL, Malouin F, Dumas F. Effects of a single session of prolonged plantarflexor stretch on muscle activations during gait in spastic cerebral palsy. Scand J Rehabil Med 1991; 23 (2) 103-111
- 22 Sanger TD, Delgado MR, Gaebler-Spira D et al. Classification and definition of disorders causing hypertonia in childhood. Pediatrics 2003; 111 (1) e89–97-
- 23 Schmit BD, Dewald JP, Rymer WZ. Stretch reflex adaptation in elbow flexors during repeated passive movements in unilateral brain-injured patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81 (3) 269-278
- 24 Singer BJ, Jegasothy GM, Singer KP et al. Evaluation of serial casting to correct equinovarus deformity of the ankle after acquired brain injury in adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84 (4) 483-491
- 25 Singer BJ, Dunne JW, Singer KP et al. Non-surgical management of ankle contracture following acquired brain injury. Disabil Rehabil 2004; 26 (6) 335-345
- 26 Snoecx M, De Muynck M, Van Laere M. Association between muscle trauma and heterotopic ossification in spinal cord injured patients: Reflections on their causal relationship and the diagnostic value of ultrasonography. Paraplegia 1995; 33 (8) 464-468
- 27 Stöhr M, Brandt T, Einhäupl KM. Neurologische Syndrome in der Intensivmedizin. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer; 1990
- 28 Tardieu G, Shentoub S, Delarue R. Research on a technique for measurement of spasticity. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1954; 91 (2) 143-144
- 29 Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 2 (7872) 81-84