Download PDF
Semin intervent Radiol 2015; 32(02): 078-088
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1549372
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Prevention and Management of Infectious Complications of Percutaneous Interventions

Steven Y. Huang
1   Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
,
Asher Philip
1   Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
,
Michael D. Richter
1   Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
,
Sanjay Gupta
1   Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
,
Mark L. Lessne
2   Vascular and Interventional Specialists of Charlotte Radiology, Charlotte, North Carolina
,
Charles Y. Kim
3   Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
28 May 2015 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Infectious complications following interventional radiology (IR) procedures can cause significant patient morbidity and, potentially, mortality. As the number and breadth of IR procedures grow, it becomes increasingly evident that interventional radiologists must possess a thorough understanding of these potential infectious complications. Furthermore, given the increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, emphasis on cost containment, and attention to quality of care, it is critical to have infection control strategies to maximize patient safety. This article reviews infectious complications associated with percutaneous ablation of liver tumors, transarterial embolization of liver tumors, uterine fibroid embolization, percutaneous nephrostomy, percutaneous biliary interventions, central venous catheters, and intravascular stents. Emphasis is placed on incidence, risk factors, prevention, and management. With the use of these strategies, IR procedures can be performed with reduced risk of infectious complications.

Keywords

complication - infection - catheter-related - interventional radiology
 

  • References

  • 1 Rhim H, Yoon KH, Lee JM , et al. Major complications after radio-frequency thermal ablation of hepatic tumors: spectrum of imaging findings. Radiographics 2003; 23 (1) 123-134 , discussion 134–136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni MF, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, Goldberg SN. Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study. Radiology 2003; 226 (2) 441-451
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 de Baère T, Risse O, Kuoch V , et al. Adverse events during radiofrequency treatment of 582 hepatic tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181 (3) 695-700
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Shibata T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto N , et al. Cholangitis and liver abscess after percutaneous ablation therapy for liver tumors: incidence and risk factors. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14 (12) 1535-1542
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Mulier S, Mulier P, Ni Y , et al. Complications of radiofrequency coagulation of liver tumours. Br J Surg 2002; 89 (10) 1206-1222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Atwell TD, Schmit GD, Boorjian SA , et al. Percutaneous ablation of renal masses measuring 3.0 cm and smaller: comparative local control and complications after radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 200 (2) 461-466
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Schmit GD, Schenck LA, Thompson RH , et al. Predicting renal cryoablation complications: new risk score based on tumor size and location and patient history. Radiology 2014; 272 (3) 903-910
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Zheng A, Wang X, Yang X , et al. Major complications after lung microwave ablation: a single-center experience on 204 sessions. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98 (1) 243-248
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Kashima M, Yamakado K, Takaki H , et al. Complications after 1000 lung radiofrequency ablation sessions in 420 patients: a single center's experiences. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 197 (4) W576-80
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Callstrom MR, Dupuy DE, Solomon SB , et al. Percutaneous image-guided cryoablation of painful metastases involving bone: multicenter trial. Cancer 2013; 119 (5) 1033-1041
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Dodd III GD, Napier D, Schoolfield JD, Hubbard L. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors: postablation syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185 (1) 51-57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Wah TM, Arellano RS, Gervais DA , et al. Image-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and incidence of post-radiofrequency ablation syndrome: prospective survey. Radiology 2005; 237 (3) 1097-1102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Elias D, Di Pietroantonio D, Gachot B, Menegon P, Hakime A, De Baere T. Liver abscess after radiofrequency ablation of tumors in patients with a biliary tract procedure. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2006; 30 (6-7) 823-827
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Wood BJ, Abraham J, Hvizda JL, Alexander HR, Fojo T. Radiofrequency ablation of adrenal tumors and adrenocortical carcinoma metastases. Cancer 2003; 97 (3) 554-560
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Halvorsen RA, Korobkin M, Foster WL, Silverman PM, Thompson WM. The variable CT appearance of hepatic abscesses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1984; 142 (5) 941-946
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Akahane M, Koga H, Kato N , et al. Complications of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepato-cellular carcinoma: imaging spectrum and management. Radiographics 2005; 25 (Suppl. 01) S57-S68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Choi H, Loyer EM, DuBrow RA , et al. Radio-frequency ablation of liver tumors: assessment of therapeutic response and complications. Radiographics 2001; 21 (Spec No) S41-S54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Zagoria RJ, Chen MY, Shen P, Levine EA. Complications from radiofrequency ablation of liver metastases. Am Surg 2002; 68 (2) 204-209
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Wood TF, Rose DM, Chung M, Allegra DP, Foshag LJ, Bilchik AJ. Radiofrequency ablation of 231 unresectable hepatic tumors: indications, limitations, and complications. Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7 (8) 593-600
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Huang CJ, Pitt HA, Lipsett PA , et al. Pyogenic hepatic abscess. Changing trends over 42 years. Ann Surg 1996; 223 (5) 600-607 , discussion 607–609
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Mezhir JJ, Fong Y, Jacks LM , et al. Current management of pyogenic liver abscess: surgery is now second-line treatment. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 210 (6) 975-983
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Lai KC, Cheng KS, Jeng LB , et al. Factors associated with treatment failure of percutaneous catheter drainage for pyogenic liver abscess in patients with hepatobiliary-pancreatic cancer. Am J Surg 2013; 205 (1) 52-57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Mayumi T, Takada T, Kawarada Y , et al. Results of the Tokyo Consensus Meeting Tokyo Guidelines. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2007; 14 (1) 114-121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 McGhana JP, Dodd III GD. Radiofrequency ablation of the liver: current status. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176 (1) 3-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Shibata T, Iimuro Y, Yamamoto Y , et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of radio-frequency ablation and percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy. Radiology 2002; 223 (2) 331-337
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y , et al. Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2007; 14 (1) 15-26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Salek J, Livote E, Sideridis K, Bank S. Analysis of risk factors predictive of early mortality and urgent ERCP in acute cholangitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43 (2) 171-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Hui CK, Lai KC, Yuen MF, Ng M, Lai CL, Lam SK. Acute cholangitis—predictive factors for emergency ERCP. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15 (10) 1633-1637
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Siegel JF, Smith A, Moldwin R. Minimally invasive treatment of renal abscess. J Urol 1996; 155 (1) 52-55
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Best CD, Terris MK, Tacker JR, Reese JH. Clinical and radiological findings in patients with gas forming renal abscess treated conservatively. J Urol 1999; 162 (4) 1273-1276
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Beddy P, Ryan JM. Antibiotic prophylaxis in interventional radiology—anything new?. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2006; 9 (2) 69-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Venkatesan AM, Kundu S, Sacks D , et al; Society of Interventional Radiology Standards of Practice Committee. Practice guidelines for adult antibiotic prophylaxis during vascular and interventional radiology procedures. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21 (11) 1611-1630 , quiz 1631
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Słomka M, Radwan P. The evaluation of clinical results of hepatic artery embolization. Mater Med Pol 1992; 24 (3) 193-195
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Leung DA, Goin JE, Sickles C, Raskay BJ, Soulen MC. Determinants of postembolization syndrome after hepatic chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12 (3) 321-326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Kogut MJ, Chewning RH, Harris WP, Hippe DS, Padia SA. Postembolization syndrome after hepatic transarterial chemoembolization: effect of prophylactic steroids on postprocedure medication requirements. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013; 24 (3) 326-331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Gates J, Hartnell GG, Stuart KE, Clouse ME. Chemoembolization of hepatic neoplasms: safety, complications, and when to worry. Radiographics 1999; 19 (2) 399-414
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Shah PA, Cunningham SC, Morgan TA, Daly BD. Hepatic gas: widening spectrum of causes detected at CT and US in the interventional era. Radiographics 2011; 31 (5) 1403-1413
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Carroll BA, Walter JF. Gas in embolized tumors: an alternate hypothesis for its origin. Radiology 1983; 147 (2) 441-444
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Sakamoto I, Aso N, Nagaoki K , et al. Complications associated with transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatic tumors. Radiographics 1998; 18 (3) 605-619
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Kim W, Clark TW, Baum RA, Soulen MC. Risk factors for liver abscess formation after hepatic chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12 (8) 965-968
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Geschwind JF, Kaushik S, Ramsey DE, Choti MA, Fishman EK, Kobeiter H. Influence of a new prophylactic antibiotic therapy on the incidence of liver abscesses after chemoembolization treatment of liver tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13 (11) 1163-1166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Mascarenhas NB, Mulcahy MF, Lewandowski RJ, Salem R, Ryu RK. Hepatic abscess after yttrium-90 radioembolization for islet-cell tumor hepatic metastasis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010; 33 (3) 650-653
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Cholapranee A, van Houten D, Deitrick G , et al. Risk of liver abscess formation in patients with prior biliary intervention following yttrium-90 radioembolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2015; 38 (2) 397-400
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Mascarenhas N, Ryu RK, Salem R. Hepatic radioembolization complicated by abscess. Semin Intervent Radiol 2011; 28 (2) 222-225
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Bilbao JI, de Martino A, de Luis E , et al. Biocompatibility, inflammatory response, and recannalization characteristics of nonradioactive resin microspheres: histological findings. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2009; 32 (4) 727-736
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Patel S, Tuite CM, Mondschein JI, Soulen MC. Effectiveness of an aggressive antibiotic regimen for chemoembolization in patients with previous biliary intervention. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006; 17 (12) 1931-1934
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Khan W, Sullivan KL, McCann JW , et al. Moxifloxacin prophylaxis for chemoembolization or embolization in patients with previous biliary interventions: a pilot study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 197 (2) W343-5
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Ehrenpreis ED. Increased serum phosphate levels and calcium fluxes are seen in smaller individuals after a single dose of sodium phosphate colon cleansing solution: a pharmacokinetic analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29 (11) 1202-1211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Toor SS, Jaberi A, Macdonald DB, McInnes MD, Schweitzer ME, Rasuli P. Complication rates and effectiveness of uterine artery embolization in the treatment of symptomatic leiomyomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 199 (5) 1153-1163
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Kitamura Y, Ascher SM, Cooper C , et al. Imaging manifestations of complications associated with uterine artery embolization. Radiographics 2005; 25 (Suppl. 01) S119-S132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Payne JF, Haney AF. Serious complications of uterine artery embolization for conservative treatment of fibroids. Fertil Steril 2003; 79 (1) 128-131
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Rosen ML, Anderson ML, Hawkins SM. Pyomyoma after uterine artery embolization. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 121 (2 Pt 2) (Suppl. 01) 431-433
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Hovsepian DM, Siskin GP, Bonn J , et al; CIRSE Standards of Practice Committee; SIR Standards of Practice Committee. Quality improvement guidelines for uterine artery embolization for symptomatic leiomyomata. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2004; 27 (4) 307-313
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Ganguli S, Faintuch S, Salazar GM, Rabkin DJ. Postembolization syndrome: changes in white blood cell counts immediately after uterine artery embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 19 (3) 443-445
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Siskin GP, Stainken BF, Dowling K, Meo P, Ahn J, Dolen EG. Outpatient uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids: experience in 49 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000; 11 (3) 305-311
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Siskin GP, Bonn J, Worthington-Kirsch RL , et al. III. Uterine fibroid embolization: pain management. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 5 (1) 35-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Wah TM, Weston MJ, Irving HC. Percutaneous nephrostomy insertion: outcome data from a prospective multi-operator study at a UK training centre. Clin Radiol 2004; 59 (3) 255-261
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Farrell TA, Hicks ME. A review of radiologically guided percutaneous nephrostomies in 303 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997; 8 (5) 769-774
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Larsen EH, Gasser TC, Madsen PO. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in urologic surgery. Urol Clin North Am 1986; 13 (4) 591-604
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 McDermott VG, Schuster MG, Smith TP. Antibiotic prophylaxis in vascular and interventional radiology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169 (1) 31-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Skolarikos A, Alivizatos G, Papatsoris A, Constantinides K, Zerbas A, Deliveliotis C. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrostomy performed by urologists: 10-year experience. Urology 2006; 68 (3) 495-499
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Rana AM, Zaidi Z, El-Khalid S. Single-center review of fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous nephrostomy performed by urologic surgeons. J Endourol 2007; 21 (7) 688-691
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Radecka E, Magnusson A. Complications associated with percutaneous nephrostomies. A retrospective study. Acta Radiol 2004; 45 (2) 184-188
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Bahu R, Chaftari AM, Hachem RY , et al. Nephrostomy tube related pyelonephritis in patients with cancer: epidemiology, infection rate and risk factors. J Urol 2013; 189 (1) 130-135
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Ryan JM, Ryan BM, Smith TP. Antibiotic prophylaxis in interventional radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15 (6) 547-556
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Cronan JJ, Marcello A, Horn DL, Robinson A, Dorfman GS, Opal S. Antibiotics and nephrostomy tube care: preliminary observations. Part I. Bacteriuria. Radiology 1989; 172 (3, Pt 2) 1041-1042
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Raz R, Schiller D, Nicolle LE. Chronic indwelling catheter replacement before antimicrobial therapy for symptomatic urinary tract infection. J Urol 2000; 164 (4) 1254-1258
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Kunin CM, Steele C. Culture of the surfaces of urinary catheters to sample urethral flora and study the effect of antimicrobial therapy. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 21 (6) 902-908
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Nickel JC, Ruseska I, Wright JB, Costerton JW. Tobramycin resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells growing as a biofilm on urinary catheter material. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985; 27 (4) 619-624
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Yee AC, Ho CS. Complications of percutaneous biliary drainage: benign vs malignant diseases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987; 148 (6) 1207-1209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Chetlin SH, Elliott DW. Biliary bacteremia. Arch Surg 1971; 102 (4) 303-307
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Keighley MR. Micro-organisms in the bile. A preventable cause of sepsis after biliary surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1977; 59 (4) 328-334
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Mueller PR, van Sonnenberg E, Ferrucci Jr JT. Percutaneous biliary drainage: technical and catheter-related problems in 200 procedures. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1982; 138 (1) 17-23
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Clark CD, Picus D, Dunagan WC. Bloodstream infections after interventional procedures in the biliary tract. Radiology 1994; 191 (2) 495-499
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Brody LA, Brown KT, Getrajdman GI , et al. Clinical factors associated with positive bile cultures during primary percutaneous biliary drainage. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998; 9 (4) 572-578
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Lorenz JM, Leef JA, Chou CH, Funaki B, Straus CM, Rosenblum JD. Sonographic needle guidance in cholangiography in children. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12 (3) 342-346
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Hamlin JA, Friedman M, Stein MG, Bray JF. Percutaneous biliary drainage: complications of 118 consecutive catheterizations. Radiology 1986; 158 (1) 199-202
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Funaki B, Zaleski GX, Straus CA , et al. Percutaneous biliary drainage in patients with nondilated intrahepatic bile ducts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173 (6) 1541-1544
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 McGahan JP, Lindfors KK. Percutaneous cholecystostomy: an alternative to surgical cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis?. Radiology 1989; 173 (2) 481-485
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Akhan O, Akinci D, Ozmen MN. Percutaneous cholecystostomy. Eur J Radiol 2002; 43 (3) 229-236
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Boland GW, Lee MJ, Leung J, Mueller PR. Percutaneous cholecystostomy in critically ill patients: early response and final outcome in 82 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994; 163 (2) 339-342
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Chopra S, Dodd III GD, Mumbower AL , et al. Treatment of acute cholecystitis in non-critically ill patients at high surgical risk: comparison of clinical outcomes after gallbladder aspiration and after percutaneous cholecystostomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176 (4) 1025-1031
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 England RE, McDermott VG, Smith TP, Suhocki PV, Payne CS, Newman GE. Percutaneous cholecystostomy: who responds?. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168 (5) 1247-1251
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Dimick JB, Pelz RK, Consunji R, Swoboda SM, Hendrix CW, Lipsett PA. Increased resource use associated with catheter-related bloodstream infection in the surgical intensive care unit. Arch Surg 2001; 136 (2) 229-234
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Blot SI, Depuydt P, Annemans L , et al. Clinical and economic outcomes in critically ill patients with nosocomial catheter-related bloodstream infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 (11) 1591-1598
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Maki DG, Kluger DM, Crnich CJ. The risk of bloodstream infection in adults with different intravascular devices: a systematic review of 200 published prospective studies. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81 (9) 1159-1171
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39 (3) 309-317
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Abi-Said D, Raad I, Umphrey J , et al. Infusion therapy team and dressing changes of central venous catheters. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20 (2) 101-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Raad II, Hohn DC, Gilbreath BJ , et al. Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections by using maximal sterile barrier precautions during insertion. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994; 15 (4, Pt 1) 231-238
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Maki DG, Ringer M, Alvarado CJ. Prospective randomised trial of povidone-iodine, alcohol, and chlorhexidine for prevention of infection associated with central venous and arterial catheters. Lancet 1991; 338 (8763) 339-343
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Parienti JJ, Thirion M, Mégarbane B , et al; Members of the Cathedia Study Group. Femoral vs jugular venous catheterization and risk of nosocomial events in adults requiring acute renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299 (20) 2413-2422
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Yeung C, May J, Hughes R. Infection rate for single lumen v triple lumen subclavian catheters. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1988; 9 (4) 154-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Early TF, Gregory RT, Wheeler JR, Snyder Jr SO, Gayle RG. Increased infection rate in double-lumen versus single-lumen Hickman catheters in cancer patients. South Med J 1990; 83 (1) 34-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Bleasdale SC, Trick WE, Gonzalez IM, Lyles RD, Hayden MK, Weinstein RA. Effectiveness of chlorhexidine bathing to reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infections in medical intensive care unit patients. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167 (19) 2073-2079
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Veenstra DL, Saint S, Saha S, Lumley T, Sullivan SD. Efficacy of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1999; 281 (3) 261-267
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA , et al; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Am J Infect Control 2011; 39 (4) (Suppl. 01) S1-S34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 van de Wetering MD, van Woensel JB, Lawrie TA. Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing Gram positive infections associated with long-term central venous catheters in oncology patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 11: CD003295
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E , et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49 (1) 1-45
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Robinson D, Suhocki P, Schwab SJ. Treatment of infected tunneled venous access hemodialysis catheters with guidewire exchange. Kidney Int 1998; 53 (6) 1792-1794
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Martínez E, Mensa J, Rovira M , et al. Central venous catheter exchange by guidewire for treatment of catheter-related bacteraemia in patients undergoing BMT or intensive chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 23 (1) 41-44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Shaffer D. Catheter-related sepsis complicating long-term, tunnelled central venous dialysis catheters: management by guidewire exchange. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25 (4) 593-596
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for 2006 updates: Hemodialysis adequacy, peritoneal dialysis adequacy and vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48 (Suppl. 01) S1-S322
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Günther HU, Strupp G, Volmar J, von Korn H, Bonzel T, Stegmann T. Coronary stent implantation: infection and abscess with fatal outcome [in German]. Z Kardiol 1993; 82 (8) 521-525
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 DeMaioribus CA, Anderson CA, Popham SS, Yeager TD, Cordts PR. Mycotic renal artery degeneration and systemic sepsis caused by infected renal artery stent. J Vasc Surg 1998; 28 (3) 547-550
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Chalmers N, Eadington DW, Gandanhamo D, Gillespie IN, Ruckley CV. Case report: infected false aneurysm at the site of an iliac stent. Br J Radiol 1993; 66 (790) 946-948
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Guest SS, Kirsch CM, Baxter R, Sorooshian M, Young J. Infection of a subclavian venous stent in a hemodialysis patient. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 26 (2) 377-380
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Hogg ME, Peterson BG, Pearce WH, Morasch MD, Kibbe MR. Bare metal stent infections: case report and review of the literature. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46 (4) 813-820
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Heyer KS, Modi P, Morasch MD , et al. Secondary infections of thoracic and abdominal aortic endografts. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20 (2) 173-179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Kim CY, Guevara CJ, Engstrom BI , et al. Analysis of infection risk following covered stent exclusion of pseudoaneurysms in prosthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis access grafts. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2012; 23 (1) 69-74
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Blanch M, Berjón J, Vila R , et al. The management of aortic stent-graft infection: endograft removal versus conservative treatment. Ann Vasc Surg 2010; 24 (4) 554.e1-554.e5
    PubMedGoogle Scholar