Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2015; 36(12): 1008-1014
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1549920
Nutrition
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Fasted Exercise and Increased Dietary Protein Reduces Body Fat and Improves Strength in Jockeys

G. Wilson
1   Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
,
P. P. Pritchard
2   The Culverhay Surgery, Bristol, UK
,
C. Papageorgiou
3   The Priory Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
,
S. Phillips
4   Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Clinical Biochemistry, Liverpool, United Kingdom
,
P. Kumar
5   Aintree University Hospital, Radiology, Liverpool, United Kingdom
,
C. Langan-Evans
1   Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
,
H. Routledge
1   Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
,
D. J. Owens
1   Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
,
J. P. Morton
1   Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
,
G. L. Close
1   Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted after revision 05 April 2015

Publication Date:
24 July 2015 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The present study assessed the effects of a diet and exercise intervention in jockeys on body composition, metabolism, bone and mental health. 10 jockeys followed an individually prescribed 6-wk diet (Carbohydrate=2.5–3.5 g/kg, Protein=2.5 g/kg, Fat=1.0 g/kg). Body mass (59.2±4.6 vs. 57.6±4.5 kg), fat mass (7.5±3.5 vs. 6.2±2.6) and body fat (13.1±5.9 vs. 11.5±4.9%) all decreased (P<0.05) from pre to post-intervention whilst lean mass (47.1±5.3 vs. 47.0±5.5 kg) was maintained (P=0.80). RMR (1703±329 vs. 1975±313 kcal.d-1), VO2max (3.8±0.8 vs. 4.1±0.7 L/min− 1) chest strength (65±11 vs. 71±13 kg), leg strength (160±28 vs. 175±29 kg) and jumping height (40±6 vs. 48±5 cm) significantly increased (P<0.05). Bone health (DXA) did not change (P>0.05) at hip (−1.04±1.29 vs. − 0.76±0.71) or lumbar sites (−1.32±0.76 vs. − 1.31±0.77). Psychometrics (GHQ-12 and EAT-26) remained unchanged (10.3±4.3 vs. 8.9±3.8 and 14.8±9.6 vs. 11.0±5.6, P>0.05, respectively). This approach represents a marked difference from jockeys’ habitual weight-making that largely involves dehydration and food deprivation.

Key words

nutrition - weight-loss - intervention - horseracing
 

  • References

  • 1 Aalto AM, Elovainio M, Kivimaki M, Uutela A, Pirkola S. The beck depression inventory and general health questionnaire as measures of depression in the general population: A validation study using the composite international diagnostic interview as the gold standard. Psych Res 2012; 197: 163-171
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Optimizing fat oxidation through exercise and diet. Nutrition 2004; 20: 716-727
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Artioli GG, Iglesias RT, Franchini E, Gualano B, Kashiwagura DB, Solis MY, Benatti FB, Fuchs M, Lancha Junior AH. Rapid weight loss followed by recovery time does not affect judo-related performance. J Sport Sci 2009; 28: 21-32
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Balagopal P, Rooyackers OE, Adey DB, Ades PA, Nair KS. Effects of aging on in vivo synthesis of skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain and sarcoplasmic protein in humans. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: E790-E800
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Bonomi AG, Soenen S, Goris AHC, Westerterp KR. Weight-loss induced changes in physical activity and activity energy expenditure in overweight and obese subjects before and after energy restriction. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e59641
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Bradley W, Cavanagh B, Douglas W, Donovan TF, Morton JP, Close GL. Quantification of training load, energy intake and physiological adaptations during a rugby pre season: A case study from an elite european rugby union squad. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 29: 534-544
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SHS, Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sport Sci 2011; 29: S17-S27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Caulfield MJ, Karageorghis CI. Psychological effects of rapid weight loss and attitudes towards eating among professional jockeys. J Sport Sci 2008; 26: 877-883
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Compher C, Frankenfield D, Keim N, Roth-Yousey L. Best practice methods to apply to measurement of resting metabolic rate in adults: A systematic review. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106: 881-903
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Dolan E, Crabtree N, McGoldrick A, Ashley DT, McCaffrey N, Warrington GD. Weight regulation and bone mass: A comparison between professional jockeys, elite amateur boxers, and age, gender and BMI matched controls. J Bone Miner Metab 2012; 30: 164-170
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Dolan E, Cullen S, McGoldrick A, Warrington GD. The impact of making weight on physiological and cognitive processes in elite jockeys. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2013; 23: 399-408
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Dolan E, O’Connor H, McGoldrick A, O’Loughlin G, Lyons D, Warrington G. Nutritional, lifestyle, and weight control practices of professional jockeys. J Sport Sci 2011; 29: 791-799
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Garner DM, Rosen LW, Barry D. Eating disorders among athletes. Research and recommendations. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 1998; 7: 839-857
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M, Gureje O, Rutter C. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psych Med 1997; 27: 191-197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Gormely SE, Swain DP, High R, Spina RJ, Dowling EA, Kotipalli US, Gandrakota R. Effect of intensity of aerobic training on v˙o2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40: 1336-1343
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Greene DA, Naughton GA, Jander CB, Cullen SJ. Bone health of apprentice jockeys using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Int J Sports Med 2013; 34: 688-694
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2014 update. Int J Sports Med 2013; 34: 1025-1028
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Helgerud J, Hoydal K, Wang E, Karlsen T, Berg P, BJjerkaas M, Simonsen T, Helhesun C, Hjorth N, Bach R, Hoff J. Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve v˙o2max more than moderate training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 665-671
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Holi MM, Marttunen M, Aalberg V. Comparison of the GHQ-36, the GHQ-12 and the SCL-90 as psychiatric screening instruments in the finnish population. Nord J Psychiat 2003; 57: 233-238
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 King M, Mezey G. Eating behaviour of male racing jockeys. Psychol Med 1987; 17: 249-253
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Labadarios D, Kotze J, Momberg D, Kotze TJ. Jockeys and their practices in South Africa. World Rev Nutr Diet 1993; 71: 97-114
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Leydon MA. C. W. New Zealand jockeys’ dietary habits and their potential impact on health. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2002; 12: 220-237
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Moore JM, Timperio AF, Crawford DA, Burns CM, Cameron-Smith D. Weight management and weight loss strategies of professional jockeys. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2002; 12: 1-13
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Morton JP, Robertson C, Sutton L, MacLaren DP. Making the weight: A case study from professional boxing. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2010; 20: 80-85
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Pasiakos SM, Cao JJ, Margolis LM, Sauter ER, Whigham LD, McClung JP, Rood JC, Carbone JW, Combs GF, Young AJ. Effects of high-protein diets on fat-free mass and muscle protein synthesis following weight loss: A randomized controlled trial. FASEB J 2013; 27: 3837-3847
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Poslusna K, Ruprich J, de Vries JHM, Jakubikova M, van’t Veer P. Misreporting of energy and micronutrient intake estimated by food records and 24 hour recalls, control and adjustment methods in practice. Br J Nutr 2009; 101: S73-S85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Racing-Post. Racing Post Statistics 2012: Available from http://www.racingpost.com/horses/seasonal_stats_home.sd
    PubMed
  • 28 Rodriguez NR, DiMarco NM, Langley S. Position of the American dietetic association, dieticians of Canada and the American college of sports medicine. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 1: 509-527
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Sparks SA, Close GL. Validity of a portable urine refractometer: The effects of sample freezing. J Sport Sci 2012; 31: 745-749
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Sutton L, Scott M, Wallace J, Reilly T. Body composition of English premier league soccer players: Influence of playing position, international status, and ethnicity. J Sport Sci 2009; 27: 1019-1026
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Tharion WJ, Lieberman HR, Montain SJ, Young AJ, Baker-Fulco CJ, Delany JP, Hoyt RW. Energy requirements of military personnel. Appetite 2005; 44: 47-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Waldron-Lynch F, Murray BF, Brady JJ, McKenna MJ, McGoldrick A, Warrington G, O’Loughlin G, Barragry JM. High bone turnover in Irish professional jockeys. Osteoporos Int 2010; 21: 521-525
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Warrington G, Dolan E, McGoldrick A, McEvoy J, MacManus C, Griffin M, Lyons D. Chronic weight control impacts on physiological function and bone health in elite jockeys. J Sport Sci 2009; 27: 543-550
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Wilson G, Chester N, Eubank M, Crighton B, Drust B, Morton JP, GL C. An alternative dietary strategy to make-weight while improving mood, decreasing body fat, and not dehydrating: A case study of a professional jockey. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2012; 22: 225-231
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Wilson G, Drust B, Morton J, Close G. Weight-making strategies in professional jockeys: Implications for physical and mental health and well-being. Sports Med 2014; 44: 785-796
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Wilson G, Fraser WD, Sharma A, Eubank M, Drust B, Morton JP, Close GL. Markers of bone health, renal function, liver function, anthropometry and perception of mood: A comparison between flat and national hunt jockeys. Int J Sports Med 2013; 34: 453-459
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Wilson G, Hawken MB, Poole I, Sparks A, Bennett S, Drust B, Morton J, Close GL. Rapid weight-loss impairs simulated riding performance and strength in jockeys: Implications for making-weight. J Sports Sci 2013; 32: 383-391
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Wilson G, Sparks SA, Drust B, Morton JP, Close GL. Assessment of energy expenditure in elite jockeys during simulated race riding and a working day: Implications for making weight. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 38: 415-420
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 475-482
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Zuntz N. Über die Bedeutung der verschiedenen Nährstoffe als Erzeuger der Muskelkraft. Pflügers Arch 1901; 83: 557-571
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar