Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1552651
Präklinische Blutstillungsmaßnahmen: Hämostyptika
Stopp the Bleeding in the Prehospital Setting: Hemostyptic DressingsPublication History
Publication Date:
26 June 2015 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Das Verständnis für die kritische Blutung in der präklinischen Traumaversorgung wächst und die Anwendung von Tourniquets ist nicht mehr nur den Extremfällen und dem Militär vorbehalten. Dennoch wird das Rettungsdienstpersonal auch mit kritischen und komplizierten Blutungen konfrontiert, welche nicht mit einem Tourniquet oder herkömmlichen Verbandsstoffen stillbar sind. Hier finden sogenannte hämostyptische Verbandsstoffe Anwendung, welche die Blutgerinnung fördern und helfen können, bislang nicht stillbare Blutungen zu stoppen. Die Industrie offeriert zahlreiche solcher Verbandsstoffe mit verschiedenen Wirkmechanismen, die es zu kennen gilt. In diesem Artikel werden die verschiedenen Wirkmechanismen und Produkte vorgestellt, um sich ein Bild von den verfügbaren Verbandsstoffen machen zu können und diese dann korrekt und situationsadaptiert einzusetzen. Da im zivilen Rettungsdienst regelmäßig mit Patienten gerechnet werden muss, die neben ihrer akuten Verletzung eine Dauertherapie mit oralen Antikoagulanzien aufweisen, sind Chitosan-basierte Hämostyptika für dieses Einsatzgebiet zu bevorzugen, da Chitosan unabhängig von einer bestehenden Antikoagulation wirkt. Allerdings muss die Anwendung dieser speziellen, hoch effektiven Hämostyptika geschult und trainiert werden.
Abstract
The understanding of the critical bleeding in the prehospital trauma care is increasing and the use of tourniquets is no longer reserved for extreme cases, and the military. Nevertheless, the rescue team is faced with critical and complicated bleeding, which are not stoppable with a tourniquet or conventional dressings. In such cases the application of hemostatic dressings can encourage the control of up to now not stoppable bleeding. The industry offers many such dressings with different mechanisms of action that need to be known. In this article, the different mechanisms of action and products are introduced in order to get an idea of the available dressings and the correct and situation-adapted use. As in civilian EMS it must be reckoned that patients take long-term-therapy with oral anticoagulants in addition to their acute trauma, chitosan-based hemostatic agents are preferred for this application because chitosan is independent of an existing anticoagulation. However, the application of those special, highly effective hemostatic agents must be trained and trained.
-
Literatur
- 1 Neitzel C, Ladehof K. Taktische Medizin. Heidelberg: Springer; 2012
- 2 Hossfeld B, Josse F, Bohnen R et al. TEMS – Taktische Medizin im Rahmen von Einsätzen der Strafverfolgungsbehörden. Notfmed up2date 2015; 10: 33-44
- 3 TREMA e.V. ed. Guidelines für TCCC. Tactical Rescue and Emergency Association e.V.; www.tremaonline.de (im Internet zuletzt aufgerufen 26.10.2013)
- 4 Bennett BL, Littlejohn LF, Kheirabadi BS et al. Management of External Hemorrhage in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: Chitosan-Based Hemostatic Gauze Dressings – TCCC Guidelines-Change 13-05. J Spec Oper Med 2014; 14: 40-57
- 5 Kulla M, Bernhard M, Hinck D et al. Die kritischen Blutungen nach Trauma im Notarztdienst. Notarzt 2015; 31: 47-53
- 6 Josse F, Helm M, Kulla M et al. Präklinische Blutstillungsmaßnahmen: das Tourniquet. Notarzt 2015; 31: 103-107
- 7 S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma. – AWMF-Register Nr. 012/019. AWMF; 2011. 445 Seiten
- 8 Granville-Chapman J, Jacobs N, Midwinter MJ. Pre-hospital haemostatic dressings: a systematic review. Injury 2011; 42: 447-459
- 9 Schmid BC, Rezniczek GA, Rolf N et al. Uterine packing with chitosan-covered gauze for control of postpartum hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209: 225
- 10 Sorensen B, Fries D. Emerging treatment strategies for trauma-induced coagulopathy. Br J Surg 2012; 99 (Suppl. 01) 40-50
- 11 Pusateri AE, Delgado AV, Dick EJ et al. Application of a granular mineral-based hemostatic agent (QuikClot) to reduce blood loss after grade V liver injury in swine. J Trauma 2004; 57: 555
- 12 Alam HB, Uy GB, Miller D et al. Comparative analysis of hemostatic agents in a swine model of lethal groin injury. J Trauma 2003; 54: 1077-1082
- 13 Arnaud F, Tomori T, Carr W et al. Exothermic reaction in zeolite hemostatic dressings: QuikClot ACS and ACS+. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 36: 1708-1713
- 14 Bruckner BA, Blau LN, Rodriguez L et al. Microporous polysaccharide hemosphere absorbable hemostat use in cardiothoracic surgical procedures. J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 9: 134
- 15 Arnaud F, Teranishi K, Tomori T et al. Comparison of 10 hemostatic dressings in a groin puncture model in swine. YMVA 2009; 50: 632-639
- 16 Kheirabadi BS, Edens JW, Terrazas IB et al. Comparison of New Hemostatic Granules/Powders With Currently Deployed Hemostatic Products in a Lethal Model of Extremity Arterial Hemorrhage in Swine. J Trauma 2009; 66: 316-328
- 17 Floyd CT, Rothwell SW, Risdahl J et al. Salmon thrombin-fibrinogen dressing allows greater survival and preserves distal blood flow compared to standard kaolin gauze in coagulopathic Swine with a standardized lethal femoral artery injury. J Spec Oper Med 2012; 12: 16-26
- 18 Kheirabadi BS, Mace JE, Terrazas IB et al. Clot-inducing minerals versus plasma protein dressing for topical treatment of external bleeding in the presence of coagulopathy. J Trauma 2010; 69: 1062-1072
- 19 Aranaz I, Mengibar M, Harris R et al. Functional Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan. Current Chemical Biology 2009; 3: 203-230
- 20 Waibel KH, Haney B, Moore M et al. Safety of chitosan bandages in shellfish allergic patients. Mil Med 2011; 176: 1153-1156
- 21 Millner R, Lockhart AS, Marr R. Chitosan arrests bleeding in major hepatic injuries with clotting dysfunction: an in vivo experimental study in a model of hepatic injury in the presence of moderate systemic heparinisation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2010; 92: 559-561
- 22 Wedmore I, McManus JG, Pusateri AE et al. A special report on the chitosan-based hemostatic dressing: experience in current combat operations. J Trauma 2006; 60: 655-658
- 23 Muzzi L, Tommasino G, Tucci E et al. Successful use of a military haemostatic agent in patients undergoing extracorporeal circulatory assistance and delayed sternal closure. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012; 14: 695-698
- 24 Arul GS, Bowley DM, DiRusso S. The use of Celox gauze as an adjunct to pelvic Packing in otherwise uncontrollable pelvic haemorrhage secondary to penetrating trauma. J R Army Med Corps 2012; 158: 331-333
- 25 Littlejohn LF, Devlin JJ, Kircher SS et al. Comparison of Celox-A, ChitoFlex, WoundStat, and Combat Gauze Hemostatic Agents Versus Standard Gauze Dressing in Control of Hemorrhage in a Swine Model of Penetrating Trauma. Academic Emergency Medicine 2011; 18: 340-350
- 26 Rall JM, Cox JM, Songer AG et al. Comparison of novel hemostatic dressings with QuikClot combat gauze in a standardized swine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 75: 150-156
- 27 Josse F, Hossfeld B, Lampl L et al. Anwendung von Tourniquets zum Stoppen kritischer Extremitätenblutungen. Notfmed up2date 2014; 9: 7-13
- 28 Kheirabadi BS, Mace JE, Terrazas IB et al. Safety Evaluation of New Hemostatic Agents, Smectite Granules, and Kaolin-Coated Gauze in a Vascular Injury Wound Model in Swine. J Trauma 2010; 68: 269-278
- 29 Muzzarelli RAA. Chitins and chitosans as immunoadjuvants and non-allergenic drug carriers. Mar Drugs 2010; 8: 292-312
- 30 Fischer C, Josse F, Lampl L et al. „Stop the bleeding“!. Notfall Rettungsmed 2010; 13: 384-392
- 31 Satterly S, Nelson D, Zwintscher N et al. Hemostasis in a noncompressible hemorrhage model: an end-user evaluation of hemostatic agents in a proximal arterial injury. J Surg Educ 2013; 70: 206-211
- 32 Kunio NR, Riha GM, Watson KM et al. Chitosan based advanced hemostatic dressing is associated with decreased blood loss in a swine uncontrolled hemorrhage model. AJS 2013; 205: 505-510