Vitamin D in Thyroid Disorders

P. Kmieć; K. Sworczak

doi:10.1055/s-0035-1554714

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2015; 123(07): 386-393
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1554714

Review

Vitamin D in Thyroid Disorders

P. Kmieć

¹Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland

,

K. Sworczak

¹Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

Vitamin D’s canonical role are its effects exerted on the musculoskeletal system. In the last decades the importance of this hormone has been studied in the context of extraskeletal health. Hypovitaminosis D and several polymorphic variants of genes coding proteins crucial in the transport, metabolism and effects of vitamin D have been associated with negative health outcomes.

In this review the current state of knowledge on the role of vitamin D in thyroid disorders is presented. The review is based on a literature search of the PubMed database performed in December 2014. The following search terms were used in conjunction with ‘vitamin D’: thyroid cancer, Graves’, Hashimoto, thyroiditis, autoimmune thyroid, AITD, nodules, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism.

Currently, similarly to other extraskeletal health outcomes, a clear role of vitamin D has not been demonstrated in thyroid disorders. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the importance of vitamin D in case of thyroid disease.

Key words

vitamin D - vitamin D deficiency - calcitriol - thyroid cancer - autoimmune thyroiditis - Graves’ disease - Hashimoto thyroiditis - hyperthyroidism - hypothyroidism

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Abd El Gawad SS, Abdul Samee ER, Metwali AA et al. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and its association with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in patients with Graves disease in an Egyptian population: a pilot study. Endocr Pract 2012; 18.2: 132-139
2 Autier P, Boniol M, Pizot C et al. Vitamin D status and ill health: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2.1: 76-89
3 Balla B, Tobias B, Kosa JP et al. Vitamin D-neutralizing CYP24A1 expression, oncogenic mutation states and histological findings of human papillary thyroid cancer. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014
4 Ban Y, Taniyama M, Ban Y. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Thyroid 2001; 11.6: 607-608
5 Bikle DD. Vitamin D and cancer: the promise not yet fulfilled. Endocrine 2014; 46.1: 29-38
6 Bizhanova A, Kopp P. Controversies concerning the role of pendrin as an apical iodide transporter in thyroid follicular cells. Cellular Physiology And Biochemistry: International Journal Of Experimental Cellular Physiology, Biochemistry, And Pharmacology 2011; 28.3: 485-490
7 Bizzaro G, Shoenfeld Y. Vitamin D and thyroid autoimmune diseases: the known and the obscure. Immunol Res 2015; 61.1-2: 107-109
8 Bouillon R. Vitamin D and extraskeletal health. UpToDate October 29, 2014 2014. Web. December 4 2014
9 Bouillon R, Muls E, De Moor P. Influence of thyroid function on the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 51.4: 793-797
10 Bozkurt NC, Karbek B, Ucan B et al. The association between severity of vitamin D deficiency and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocr Pract 2013; 19.3: 479-484
11 Camurdan OM, Doger E, Bideci A et al. Vitamin D status in children with Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2012; 25.5-6: 467-470
12 Chailurkit LO, Aekplakorn W, Ongphiphadhanakul B. High vitamin D status in younger individuals is associated with low circulating thyrotropin. Thyroid 2013; 23.1: 25-30
13 Chailurkit LO, Aekplakorn W, Ongphiphadhanakul B. High vitamin D status in younger individuals is associated with low circulating thyrotropin. Thyroid: Official Journal Of The American Thyroid Association 2013; 23.1: 25-30
14 Chen W, Lin H, Wang M. Immune intervention effects on the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2002; 22.4: 343-345 354
15 Choi YM, Kim WG, Kim TY et al. Low levels of serum vitamin D3 are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in pre-menopausal women. Thyroid 2014; 24.4: 655-661
16 Clinckspoor I, Hauben E, Verlinden L et al. Altered expression of key players in vitamin D metabolism and signaling in malignant and benign thyroid tumors. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60.7: 502-511
17 Clinckspoor I, Verlinden L, Mathieu C et al. Vitamin D in thyroid tumorigenesis and development. Prog Histochem Cytochem 2013; 48.2: 65-98
18 Clinckspoor I, Verlinden L, Overbergh L et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and a superagonistic analog in combination with paclitaxel or suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid have potent antiproliferative effects on anaplastic thyroid cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 124.1-2: 1-9
19 D’Aurizio F, Villalta D, Metus P et al. Is vitamin D a player or not in the pathophysiology of autoimmune thyroid diseases?. Autoimmun Rev 2014;
20 Demir K, Keskin M, Kor Y et al. Autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with elevated IgG4 but not with low vitamin D. Hormones (Athens) 2014; 13.3: 361-368
21 Effraimidis G, Badenhoop K, Tijssen JG et al. Vitamin D deficiency is not associated with early stages of thyroid autoimmunity. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167.1: 43-48
22 Effraimidis G, Wiersinga WM. Mechanisms in endocrinology: autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170.6: R241-R252
23 Feng M, Li H, Chen SF et al. Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and risk of autoimmune thyroid diseases: a meta-analysis. Endocrine 2013; 43.2: 318-326
24 Fournier C, Gepner P, Sadouk M et al. In vivo beneficial effects of cyclosporin A and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1990; 54.1: 53-63
25 Goswami R, Marwaha RK, Gupta N et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Asian Indians: a community-based survey. Br J Nutr 2009; 102.3: 382-386
26 Grant WB. Ecological studies of the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis. Anticancer Res 2012; 32.1: 223-236
27 Grant WB. Hypothesis – ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D reduce the risk of viral infections and thus their sequelae, including autoimmune diseases and some cancers. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84.2: 356-365
28 Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357.3: 266-281
29 Inoue N, Watanabe M, Ishido N et al. The functional polymorphisms of VDR, GC and CYP2R1 are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178.2: 262-269
30 Jastrup B, Mosekilde L, Melsen F et al. Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and bone remodelling in hyperthyroidism. Metabolism 1982; 31.2: 126-132
31 Jones G. Extrarenal vitamin D activation and interactions between vitamin D(2), vitamin D(3), and vitamin D analogs. Annu Rev Nutr 2013; 33: 23-44
32 Jonklaas J, Danielsen M, Wang H. A pilot study of serum selenium, vitamin D, and thyrotropin concentrations in patients with thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2013; 23.9: 1079-1086
33 Kawakami-Tani T, Fukawa E, Tanaka H et al. Effect of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on serum levels of thyroid hormones in hyperthyroid patients with untreated Graves’ disease. Metabolism 1997; 46.10: 1184-1188
34 Khadzkou K, Buchwald P, Westin G et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54.3: 355-361
35 Kim JR, Kim BH, Kim SM et al. Low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin d is associated with poor clinicopathologic characteristics in female patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2014; 24.11: 1618-1624
36 Kivity S, Agmon-Levin N, Zisappl M et al. Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 8.3: 243-247
37 Krysiak R, Kowalska B, Okopien B. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels in non-lactating women with postpartum thyroiditis: The effect of L-Thyroxine treatment. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014;
38 Kurylowicz A, Badenhoop K. CYP27B1 gene polymorphism is associated with Graves’ disease in a Polish population study. Thyroid 2005; 15.9: 1107-1108
39 Kurylowicz A, Ramos-Lopez E, Bednarczuk T et al. Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) gene polymorphism is associated with Graves’ disease and the vitamin D status in a Polish population study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006; 114.6: 329-335
40 Laney N, Meza J, Lyden E et al. The Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Is Similar between Thyroid Nodule and Thyroid Cancer Patients. Int J Endocrinol 2010; 2010: 805716
41 Lin WY, Wan L, Tsai CH et al. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with risk of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in Chinese patients in Taiwan. J Clin Lab Anal 2006; 20.3: 109-112
42 Liu S, Xiong F, Liu EM et al. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rats with experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2010; 30.7: 1573-1576
43 Liu W, Asa SL, Fantus IG et al. Vitamin D Arrests Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Growth and Induces p27 Dephosphorylation and Accumulation through PTEN/Akt-Dependent and -Independent Pathways. Am J Pathol 2002; 160.2: 511-519
44 Lizis-Kolus K, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Trofimiuk-Muldnerz M et al. Assessment of 25(OH)D3, concentration levels in patients with papillary thyroid cancer compared to patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Przegl Lek 2013; 70.11: 920-925
45 Lopez ER, Zwermann O, Segni M et al. A promoter polymorphism of the CYP27B1 gene is associated with Addison’s disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus in Germans. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 151.2: 193-197
46 MacFarlane IA, Mawer EB, Berry J et al. Vitamin D metabolism in hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1982; 17.1: 51-59
47 Mackawy AM, Al-Ayed BM, Al-Rashidi BM. Vitamin d deficiency and its association with thyroid disease. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2013; 7.3: 267-275
48 Mansournia N, Mansournia MA, Saeedi S et al. The association between serum 25OHD levels and hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37.5: 473-476
49 Morand GB, da Silva SD, Hier MP et al. Insights into Genetic and Epigenetic Determinants with Impact on Vitamin D Signaling and Cancer Association Studies: The Case of Thyroid Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4: 309
50 Muscogiuri G, Mitri J, Mathieu C et al. Mechanisms in endocrinology: vitamin D as a potential contributor in endocrine health and disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171.3: R101-R110
51 Pani MA, Regulla K, Segni M et al. A polymorphism within the vitamin D-binding protein gene is associated with Graves’ disease but not with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology And Metabolism 2002; 87.6: 2564-2567
52 Pani MA, Regulla K, Segni M et al. Vitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP1alpha) polymorphism in Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. European Journal Of Endocrinology/European Federation Of Endocrine Societies 2002; 146.6: 777-781
53 Penna-Martinez M, Ramos-Lopez E, Stern J et al. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2009; 19.6: 623-628
54 Penna-Martinez M, Ramos-Lopez E, Stern J et al. Impaired vitamin D activation and association with CYP24A1 haplotypes in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2012; 22.7: 709-716
55 Pludowski P, Holick MF, Pilz S et al. Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality – a review of recent evidence. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12.10: 976-989
56 Prietl B, Treiber G, Pieber TR et al. Vitamin D and immune function. Nutrients 2013; 5.7: 2502-2521
57 Roskies M, Dolev Y, Caglar D et al. Vitamin D deficiency as a potentially modifiable risk factor for thyroid cancer. J. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 41.3: 160-163
58 Ross DS. Thyroid hormone synthesis and physiology. UpToDate. 2015 Web
59 Rotondi M, Chiovato L. Vitamin D deficiency in patients with Graves’ disease: probably something more than a casual association. Endocrine 2013; 43.1: 3-5
60 Sahin M, Ucan B, Ginis Z et al. Vitamin D3 levels and insulin resistance in papillary thyroid cancer patients. Med Oncol 2013; 30.2: 589
61 Schottker B, Haug U, Schomburg L et al. Strong associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality in a large cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97.4: 782-793
62 Sharma V, Fretwell D, Crees Z et al. Thyroid cancer resistance to vitamin D receptor activation is associated with 24-hydroxylase levels but not the ff FokI polymorphism. Thyroid 2010; 20.10: 1103-1111
63 Shin DY, Kim KJ, Kim D et al. Low serum vitamin D is associated with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody in autoimmune thyroiditis. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55.2: 476-481
64 Speeckaert M, Huang G, Delanghe JR et al. Biological and clinical aspects of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin) and its polymorphism. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 372.1-2: 33-42
65 Stefanic M, Karner I, Glavas-Obrovac L et al. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with susceptibility to Graves’ disease in Eastern Croatian population: case-control study. Croat Med J 2005; 46.4: 639-646
66 Stepien T, Krupinski R, Sopinski J et al. Decreased 1-25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration in peripheral blood serum of patients with thyroid cancer. Arch Med Res 2010; 41.3: 190-194
67 Stocklin E, Eggersdorfer M. Vitamin D, an essential nutrient with versatile functions in nearly all organs. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2013; 83.2: 92-100
68 Szczeklik A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E. Choroby wewnętrzne: stan wiedzy na rok 2011. Kraków: Medycyna Praktyczna; 2011. 2011
69 Theodoratou E, Tzoulaki I, Zgaga L et al. Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials. BMJ 2014; 348: g2035
70 Unal AD, Tarcin O, Demirag NG et al. Vitamin D deficiency is related to thyroid antibodies in autoimmune thyroiditis. Central European Journal of Immunology 2014; 39.4: 493-497
71 Wacker M, Holick MF. Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health. Dermatoendocrinol 2013; 5.1: 51-108
72 Xu Y, He B, Pan Y et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk. Tumour Biol 2014; 35.5: 4153-4169
73 Yasuda T, Okamoto Y, Hamada N et al. Serum vitamin D levels are decreased and associated with thyroid volume in female patients with newly onset Graves’ disease. Endocrine 2012; 42.3: 739-741
74 Yasuda T, Okamoto Y, Hamada N et al. Serum vitamin D levels are decreased in patients without remission of Graves’ disease. Endocrine 2013; 43.1: 230-232
75 Yazici D, Yavuz D, Tarcin O et al. Vitamin D receptor gene ApaI, TaqI, FokI and BsmI polymorphisms in a group of Turkish patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Minerva Endocrinol 2013; 38.2: 195-201
76 Yin K, Agrawal DK. Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases. Journal Of Inflammation Research 2014; 7: 69-87
77 Zhang H, Liang L, Xie Z. Low vitamin D status is associated with increased titers of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibodies in Graves’ disease. Endocr Pract 2014; 1-23
78 Zhang LR, Sawka AM, Adams L et al. Vitamin and mineral supplements and thyroid cancer: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer Prev 2013; 22.2: 158-168
79 Zhang Q, Wang Z, Sun M et al. Association of high vitamin D status with low circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone independent of thyroid hormone levels in middle-aged and elderly males. Int J Endocrinol 2014; Epub 2014 Feb : -
80 Zhou H, Xu C, Gu M. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and Graves’ disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70.6: 938-945
81 Zou M, BinHumaid FS, Alzahrani AS et al. Increased CYP24A1 expression is associated with BRAF(V600E) mutation and advanced stages in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81.1: 109-116