Self-Assessment Questions

This section provides a review. Mark each statement on the Answer Sheet according to the factual materials contained in this issue and the opinions of the authors.

Article One (pp. 145–152)

1. Two major themes from the contributors were

   • advances in technology in neuroimaging and genetics research

   • the importance of obtaining third-party financial support for therapy

   • the development of a clinical doctorate degree focusing on fluency disorders

   • increasing the population of board certified clinicians in fluency disorders

   • determining children whose stuttering will or will not become chronic

2. Which is not a major concern of the authors about the future of the field?

   • Decreases in credit hours associated with courses in fluency disorders

   • The decreasing number of doctoral-levels instructors in speech-language pathologist programs

   • Tending toward business or corporate models in higher education

   • The continuing expansion of the field's scope of practice

   • The inability of clinicians to reliably identify/agree on “moments of stuttering”

3. Which of the following are examples of desirable future outcomes?

   • Reinstating a minimum number of practicum hours for fluency disorders

   • Requiring coursework prior to clinical experience in fluency disorders

   • Development of guidelines for telepractice

   • Provision of reciprocal state licensure to facilitate telepractice across states

   • All the above

4. Which of the following, considered to be important in 1990, is still considered to be important today?

   • Finding a cure for stuttering

   • Identifying subgroups of stutterers

   • Being able to identify surface features of stuttering more reliably

   • Changing public perceptions of stuttering

   • All of the above

5. Which of the following is not predicted for the future of the field?

   • Increased global awareness of stuttering

   • Changing views of stuttering as a difference rather than a disability

   • Greater understanding about the nature and treatment for covert stuttering

   • Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a cure for stuttering

   • Selected academic programs that provide a focus on fluency disorders

   Article Two (pp. 153–157)

6. Which of the following is true about cognitive-communicative disorders in adults with unilateral right hemisphere brain damage?

   • The disorders are homogenous.

   • The disorders are multifaceted.

   • The disorders are easy to define.

   • The disorders have well-established treatments.

   • The disorders do not limit patients' lives.

7. Which of the following represents a standard approach to treatment for right hemisphere brain damage cognitive communicative disorders for which other, perhaps better, options are now available?

   • Applying a red line to the left side of a page for neglect

   • Metalinguistic approaches to language treatment

   • “Look to the left” for neglect treatment

   • Apps and workbooks

   • All of the above

8. Which of the following approaches may hold particular promise for treatment of right hemisphere brain damage cognitive communicative disorders?

   • Virtual reality

   • Telerehabilitation

   • Neuromodulation

   • Procedural learning

   • All of the above

   Article Three (pp. 158–165)

9. Epidemiology research has estimated that individuals with voice disorders miss an average of how many work days/year/person due to their voice problem?

   • 40

   • 70

   • 10

   • 39.2

10. High-speed videoendoscopy combined with multiarray lasers has been found to

    • reveal the three-dimensional movement of the vocal folds in vivo

    • have no effect on the voice

    • scar the vocal folds

    • significantly increase the pitch of the voice

11. One key advancement in the area of voice that is changing how accessible voice therapy services are to individuals with voice disorders living in rural regions without voice specialists is

    • telehealth

    • biomarker agent-based models

    • vocal dose

    • imaging

    Article Four (pp. 166–172)

12. From now until the year 2050, the number of U.S. adults over the age of 65 years will make up

    • 10% of the total population

    • 20% of the total population

    • 5% of the total population

    • 33% of the total population

    • 50% of the total population

13. Information about current evidencebased aphasia therapies can be found

    • only in journal publications

    • on the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association website

    • only in textbooks

    • only on YouTube

    • is extremely difficult to find

14. According to the Life Participation Approach for Aphasia and the Living with Aphasia: Framework for Outcome Measurement, it would be appropriate for speech-language pathologists to provide communication training to

    • family members

    • friends of the person with aphasia

    • neighbors of the person with aphasia

    • doctors, nurses, and other health care providers

    • all of the above

15. Person-centered care means that

    • patients should be asked whether they agree with the clinician's recommendations

    • clinicians should focus exclusively on the patient, without regard to family members or significant others

    • patient values should guide all clinical decisions

    • all therapy should be functional

    • personally relevant stimuli should be used in all therapy tasks

16. For the last 10 years, the percentage of aphasia patients on the caseload of an average speech-language pathologist working in health care has been

    • 2%

    • 10%

    • 16%

    • 26%

    • 52%

    Article Five (pp. 173–184)

17. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation

    • is outmoded

    • is often delivered through a tracheostomy

    • can be delivered through the mouth, nose, or both

    • does not yet exist

    • causes severe injuries to tracheal mucosa

18. A volume-limited noninvasive positive pressure ventilation system

    • cannot deliver more than 1 L of air

    • usually delivers pure oxygen to the ventilator user

    • delivers air until the pressure reaches a specified maximum target pressure

    • begins to deliver air as soon as the pressure reaches a specified minimum target pressure

    • delivers a specified volume of air (or high-oxygen gas)

19. Breath-stacking

    • means adding one breath on top of another

    • can be done with a volume-limited, but not a pressure-limited, ventilator

    • is sometimes used to speak loudly.

    • is sometimes used to produce a stronger cough

    • all of the above

20. Swallowing with nasal bilevel positive airway pressure

    • is much easier than with mouthpiece noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation

    • usually occurs during the expiratory part of the ventilator cycle

    • requires that the ventilator be set to higher inspiratory and expiratory pressure targets

    • often causes inspiration to be triggered and therefore is considered risky

    • is illegal

21. Of the following, which currently appears to be the best noninvasive positive pressure ventilation system for speaking and swallowing?

    • Volume-limited mouthpiece noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

    • Pressure-limited mouthpiece noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

    • Nasal bilevel positive airway pressure

    • Invasive (tracheostomy) positive pressure ventilation

    • Time-based noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation

    Article Six (pp. 185–200)

22. Long-term care communities that embrace culture change are

    • places where elders care stay in their homes until they die

    • places where elders can continue to live, make their own choices, and have control over their daily lives

    • places where elders can do whatever they want whenever they want

    • places where elders come from a variety of ethnic and cultural backgrounds

23. Examples of person-centered care are

    • structure, routines, and predictability

    • engagement, predictability, and care planning

    • dignity, choice, and engagement

    • courtesy, care planning, and structure

24. How might the use of biomarkers to identify at-risk/asymptomatic individuals potentially impact interventions provided by an speechlanguage pathologist?

    • Heavy emphasis is placed on standardized testing to identify emergence of symptoms.

    • It is unlikely to have an impact, because a speech-language pathologist should not provide treatment to individuals at this early stage.

    • Use of brain games during treatment sessions is increased.

    • Counseling, support, strategy training, and community programs may be offered earlier in the disease process.

25. What is characteristic of an organization that supports the implementation of evidence-based practices?

    • Hierarchical-based

    • Participatory-based

    • Authority-based

    • Rules-driven

26. The aim of Montessori is to create a prepared environment that

    • enables individuals to be as independent as possible

    • creates a meaningful place in the community for all individuals

    • enable individuals to make meaningful contributions to their community

    • all of the above

    Article Seven (pp. 201–218)

27. True or false? Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing can be more sensitive to penetration and aspiration.

28. Which instrument measures pressure and timing events during pharyngeal swallowing?

    • Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing

    • Videofluoroscopy

    • Electromyography

    • High-resolution manometry

29. True or false? Neuromuscular electrical stimulation has ample randomized controlled trials to justify immediate implementation for patients with head and neck cancer.

30. Which of the following are have been identified as critical for advancing the science and practice of dysphagia?

    • Deeper understanding of physiology and neurophysiology

    • Standardization of evaluation

    • Consensus on core sets of dysphagia parameters for clinical and research reporting

    • Personalized algorithms for implementation of evidenced-based practice

    • All of the above

    Article Eight (pp. 219–224)

31. Which of the following show promise for distinguishing among different types of dysarthria and between dysarthria and apraxia of speech?

    • Transcranial magnetic stimulation

    • Patient outcome measures

    • Acoustic measures

    • Intelligibility measures

    • Kinematic strength measures

32. Which of the following statements is true?

    • Intelligibility scores are a good representation of most aspects of motor speech disorder severity.

    • Intelligibility measures do not capture all aspects of motor speech disorder severity.

    • Intelligibility measures are the only way to quantify motor speech disorder severity.

    • Motor speech disorder severity cannot be measured.

    • None of the above are true.

33. In the future, which of the following may be considered the higher-value measure of treatment effectiveness for motor speech disorders?

    • Acoustic measures of speech rate

    • Functional neuroimaging

    • Oromotor strength

    • Clinician judgment of articulatory precision

    • Patient or communication partner report self-report

    Article Nine (pp. 225–228)

34. The in-car foam used for injury mitigation in the film Demolition Man was called

    • Superfoam

    • Safetyfoam

    • Securefoam

    • Seafoam

35. Ed TV introduced rehabilitation team members to the idea of

    • continuous recordings of people in their everyday lives

    • Matthew McConaughey as a leading man

    • robots as potential communication partners

    • automatic foam filling a car for injury prevention

36. The Health Coaching Platform created by researchers at Northeastern University includes

    • sensors for temperature, light, and noise

    • wearable gyroscopes to track body position in the home

    • bed sensors to detect movements during sleep

    • all of the above

37. The uncanny valley refers to

    • the location of an innovative rehabilitation program

    • the gap between what is known and what is predicted

    • humans' eerie feeling when they see a robot that is too humanlike

    • robots' eerie feeling when they see a human that is too robotlike