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Semin Reprod Med 2016; 34(04): 242-254
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1585408
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Beyond Endometriosis Genome-Wide Association Study: From Genomics to Phenomics to the Patient

Krina T. Zondervan
1   Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Endometriosis Care Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
2   Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
,
Nilufer Rahmioglu
2   Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
,
Andrew P. Morris
2   Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
3   Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
,
Dale R. Nyholt
4   Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
,
Grant W. Montgomery
5   QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
,
Christian M. Becker
1   Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Endometriosis Care Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
,
Stacey A. Missmer
6   Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
7   Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
8   Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
11 August 2016 (online)

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Abstract

Endometriosis is a heritable, complex chronic inflammatory disease, for which much of the causal pathogenic mechanism remains unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to date have identified 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms at 10 independent genetic loci associated with endometriosis. Most of these were more strongly associated with revised American Fertility Society stage III/IV, rather than stage I/II. The loci are almost all located in intergenic regions that are known to play a role in the regulation of expression of target genes yet to be identified. To identify the target genes and pathways perturbed by the implicated variants, studies are required involving functional genomic annotation of the surrounding chromosomal regions, in terms of transcription factor binding, epigenetic modification (e.g., DNA methylation and histone modification) sites, as well as their correlation with RNA transcription. These studies need to be conducted in tissue types relevant to endometriosis—in particular, endometrium. In addition, to allow biologically and clinically relevant interpretation of molecular profiling data, they need to be combined and correlated with detailed, systematically collected phenotypic information (surgical and clinical). The WERF Endometriosis Phenome and Biobanking Harmonisation Project is a global standardization initiative that has produced consensus data and sample collection protocols for endometriosis research. These now pave the way for collaborative studies integrating phenomic with genomic data, to identify informative subtypes of endometriosis that will enhance understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease and discovery of novel, targeted treatments.

Keywords

endometriosis - genes - genome-wide association study - epigenetic - phenotype - EPHect
 

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