The Differentiation of Intestinal-Failure-Associated Liver Disease from Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Alan L. Buchman; Bita V. Naini; Bert Spilker

doi:10.1055/s-0036-1597771

Seminars in Liver Disease, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Semin Liver Dis 2017; 37(01): 033-044
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1597771

Review Article

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

The Differentiation of Intestinal-Failure-Associated Liver Disease from Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Alan L. Buchman

¹Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois

,

Bita V. Naini

²Department of Pathology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California

,

Bert Spilker

³Bert Spilker and Associates LLC, Bethesda, Maryland

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), formerly known as parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease has often been listed in textbooks as an example of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, histology, and progression differ substantially between the conditions defined as NAFLD and the disease, IFALD. Therefore, IFALD should not be defined or considered as a type or a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, but rather as a distinct disease.

Keywords

intestinal-failure-associated liver disease - nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - nonalcoholic steatohepatitis - choline - parenteral nutrition

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Caldwell SH, Al-Osaimi AMS, Argo CK. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In: Schiff ER, Sorrell ME, Maddrey WC, , eds. Schiff's Diseases of the Liver. 10 ^th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2007: 1117-1167
2 Lazo M, Hernaez R, Bonekamp S , et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality among US adults: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2011; 343: d6891
3 Buchman AL, Moukarzel A, Jenden DJ, Roch M, Rice K, Ament ME. Low plasma free choline is prevalent in patients receiving long term parenteral nutrition and is associated with hepatic aminotransferase abnormalities. Clin Nutr 1993; 12 (1) 33-37
4 Compher CW, Kinosian BP, Stoner NE, Lentine DC, Buzby GP. Choline and vitamin B12 deficiencies are interrelated in folate-replete long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26 (1) 57-62
5 Pironi L, Arends J, Baxter J , et al; Home Artificial Nutrition & Chronic Intestinal Failure; Acute Intestinal Failure Special Interest Groups of ESPEN. ESPEN endorsed recommendations. Definition and classification of intestinal failure in adults. Clin Nutr 2015; 34 (2) 171-180
6 Bowyer BA, Fleming CR, Ludwig J, Petz J, McGill DB. Does long-term home parenteral nutrition in adult patients cause chronic liver disease?. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1985; 9 (1) 11-17
7 Stanko RT, Nathan G, Mendelow H, Adibi SA. Development of hepatic cholestasis and fibrosis in patients with massive loss of intestine supported by prolonged parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 1987; 92 (1) 197-202
8 Chan S, McCowen KC, Bistrian BR , et al. Incidence, prognosis, and etiology of end-stage liver disease in patients receiving home total parenteral nutrition. Surgery 1999; 126 (1) 28-34
9 Cavicchi M, Beau P, Crenn P, Degott C, Messing B. Prevalence of liver disease and contributing factors in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition for permanent intestinal failure. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132 (7) 525-532
10 Beath S, Pironi L, Gabe S , et al. Collaborative strategies to reduce mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic intestinal failure including those who are referred for small bowel transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 85 (10) 1378-1384
11 Buchman A. Total parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26 (5, Suppl) S43-S48
12 Buchman AL, Iyer K, Fryer J. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease and the role for isolated intestine and intestine/liver transplantation. Hepatology 2006; 43 (1) 9-19
13 Kelly DA. Intestinal failure-associated liver disease: what do we know today?. Gastroenterology 2006; 130 (2, Suppl 1) S70-S77
14 Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE , et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology 2012; 142 (7) 1592-1609
15 Sanyal AJ, Brunt EM, Kleiner DE , et al. Endpoints and clinical trial design for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2011; 54 (1) 344-353
16 Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M , et al; Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005; 41 (6) 1313-1321
17 Naini BV, Lassman CR. Total parenteral nutrition therapy and liver injury: a histopathologic study with clinical correlation. Hum Pathol 2012; 43 (6) 826-833
18 Lindor KDFC, Fleming CR, Abrams A, Hirschkorn MA. Liver function values in adults receiving total parenteral nutrition. JAMA 1979; 241 (22) 2398-2400
19 Klein S, Nealon WH. Hepatobiliary abnormalities associated with total parenteral nutrition. Semin Liver Dis 1988; 8 (3) 237-246
20 Quigley EM, Marsh MN, Shaffer JL, Markin RS. Hepatobiliary complications of total parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 1993; 104 (1) 286-301
21 Mullick FGMC, Moran CA, Ishak KG. Total parenteral nutrition: a histopathologic analysis of the liver changes in 20 children. Mod Pathol 1994; 7 (2) 190-194
22 Zambrano E, El-Hennawy M, Ehrenkranz RA, Zelterman D, Reyes-Múgica M. Total parenteral nutrition induced liver pathology: an autopsy series of 24 newborn cases. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2004; 7 (5) 425-432
23 Kleiner DE. Liver injury due to total parenteral nutrition. In: Ferrell L, Kaker S, , eds. Liver Pathology. New York: Demos Medical; 2011: 235-236
24 Guglielmi FW, Regano N, Mazzuoli S , et al. Cholestasis induced by total parenteral nutrition. Clin Liver Dis 2008; 12 (1) 97-110 , viii
25 Tandra S, Yeh MM, Brunt EM , et al; NASH Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN). Presence and significance of microvesicular steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2011; 55 (3) 654-659
26 Chitturi S, Farrell GC. Drug-induced liver disease. In Schiff ER, Sorrell ME, Maddrey WC, , eds. Schiff's Diseases of the Liver. 10 ^th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007: 923-1003
27 Hensley K, Kotake Y, Sang H , et al. Dietary choline restriction causes complex I dysfunction and increased H(2)O(2) generation in liver mitochondria. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21 (5) 983-989
28 Grattagliano I, Caraceni P, Calamita G , et al. Severe liver steatosis correlates with nitrosative and oxidative stress in rats. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38 (7) 523-530
29 Teodoro JS, Rolo AP, Duarte FV, Simões AM, Palmeira CM. Differential alterations in mitochondrial function induced by a choline-deficient diet: understanding fatty liver disease progression. Mitochondrion 2008; 8 (5-6): 367-376
30 Schugar RC, Huang X, Moll AR, Brunt EM, Crawford PA. Role of choline deficiency in the Fatty liver phenotype of mice fed a low protein, very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet. PLoS One 2013; 8 (8) e74806
31 Cotrim HP, De Freitas LA, Freitas C , et al. Clinical and histopathological features of NASH in workers exposed to chemicals with or without associated metabolic conditions. Liver Int 2004; 24 (2) 131-135
32 Caldwell SH, Patrie JT, Brunt EM , et al. The effects of 48 weeks of rosiglitazone on hepatocyte mitochondria in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2007b; 46 (4) 1101-1107
33 Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24 (1) 3-20
34 Brunt EM, Clouston AD. Histologic features of fatty liver disease. In: Bataller R, Caballeria J, , eds. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Barcelona: Permanyer; 2007: 95-110
35 Brunt EM. Pathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 7 (4) 195-203
36 Yeh MM, Brunt EM. Pathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 128 (5) 837-847
37 Burt AD, Mutton A, Day CP. Diagnosis and interpretation of steatosis and steatohepatitis. Semin Diagn Pathol 1998; 15 (4) 246-258
38 Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (16) 1221-1231
39 Stegink LD, Den Besten L. Synthesis of cysteine from methionine in normal adult subjects: effect of route of alimentation. Science 1972; 178 (4060): 514-516
40 Chawla RK, Berry CJ, Kutner MH, Rudman D. Plasma concentrations of transsulfuration pathway products during nasoenteral and intravenous hyperalimentation of malnourished patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 42 (4) 577-584
41 Sentongo TA, Kumar P, Karza K, Keys L, Iyer K, Buchman AL. Whole-blood-free choline and choline metabolites in infants who require chronic parenteral nutrition therapy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50 (2) 194-199
42 Riedijk MA, Stoll B, Chacko S , et al. Methionine transmethylation and transsulfuration in the piglet gastrointestinal tract. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104 (9) 3408-3413
43 Waterhouse C, Clarke EF, Heinig RE, Lewis AM, Jeanpretre N. Free amino acid levels in the blood of patients undergoing parenteral alimentation. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32 (12) 2423-2429
44 Dahlström KA, Ament ME, Laidlaw SA, Kopple JD. Plasma amino acid concentrations in children receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1988; 7 (5) 748-754
45 Tayek JA, Bistrian B, Sheard NF, Zeisel SH, Blackburn GL. Abnormal liver function in malnourished patients receiving total parenteral nutrition: a prospective randomized study. J Am Coll Nutr 1990; 9 (1) 76-83
46 Buchman AL, Dubin M, Jenden D , et al. Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology 1992; 102 (4 Pt 1): 1363-1370
47 Buchman AL, Dubin MD, Moukarzel AA , et al. Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation. Hepatology 1995; 22 (5) 1399-1403
48 Buchman AL, Ament ME, Sohel M , et al. Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001b; 25 (5) 260-268
49 Spencer MD, Hamp TJ, Reid RW, Fischer LM, Zeisel SH, Fodor AA. Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency. Gastroenterology 2011; 140 (3) 976-986
50 Rinella ME, Elias MS, Smolak RR, Fu T, Borensztajn J, Green RM. Mechanisms of hepatic steatosis in mice fed a lipogenic methionine choline-deficient diet. J Lipid Res 2008; 49 (5) 1068-1076
51 Mu YP, Ogawa T, Kawada N. Reversibility of fibrosis, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver of rats fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet. Lab Invest 2010; 90 (2) 245-256
52 Kaminski DL, Adams A, Jellinek M. The effect of hyperalimentation on hepatic lipid content and lipogenic enzyme activity in rats and man. Surgery 1980; 88 (1) 93-100
53 Raubenheimer PJ, Nyirenda MJ, Walker BR. A choline-deficient diet exacerbates fatty liver but attenuates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Diabetes 2006; 55 (7) 2015-2020
54 Macfarlane DP, Zou X, Andrew R , et al. Metabolic pathways promoting intrahepatic fatty acid accumulation in methionine and choline deficiency: implications for the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300 (2) E402-E409
55 Veteläinen R, van Vliet A, van Gulik TM. Essential pathogenic and metabolic differences in steatosis induced by choline or methione-choline deficient diets in a rat model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22 (9) 1526-1533
56 Niebergall LJ, Jacobs RL, Chaba T, Vance DE. Phosphatidylcholine protects against steatosis in mice but not non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1811 (12) 1177-1185
57 Imajo K, Fujita K, Yoneda M , et al. Plasma free choline is a novel non-invasive biomarker for early-stage non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A multi-center validation study. Hepatol Res 2012; 42 (8) 757-766
58 Imajo K, Yoneda M, Fujita K , et al. Oral choline tolerance test as a novel noninvasive method for predicting nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49 (2) 295-304
59 Nehra V, Angulo P, Buchman AL, Lindor KD. Nutritional and metabolic considerations in the etiology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46 (11) 2347-2352
60 Serviddio G, Giudetti AM, Bellanti F , et al. Oxidation of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) impairs fatty acid beta-oxidation in rats fed a methionine-choline deficient diet. PLoS One 2011; 6 (9) e24084
61 Cheung O, Sanyal AJ. Recent advances in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2010; 26 (3) 202-208
62 Andersen T, Gluud C. Liver morphology in morbid obesity: a literature study. Int J Obes 1984a; 8 (2) 97-106
63 Andersen T, Christoffersen P, Gluud C. The liver in consecutive patients with morbid obesity: a clinical, morphological, and biochemical study. Int J Obes 1984b; 8 (2) 107-115
64 Dixon JB, Bhathal PS, O'Brien PE. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in the severely obese. Gastroenterology 2001; 121 (1) 91-100
65 García-Monzón C, Martín-Pérez E, Iacono OL , et al. Characterization of pathogenic and prognostic factors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with obesity. J Hepatol 2000; 33 (5) 716-724
66 Tjellesen L, Staun M, Nielsen PK. Body composition changes measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32 (7) 686-690
67 Wei JL, Leung JCF, Loong TCW , et al. Prevalence and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in non-obese patients: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110 (9) 1306-1314 , quiz 1315
68 Marchesini G, Brizi M, Morselli-Labate AM , et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med 1999; 107 (5) 450-455
69 Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F , et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology 2001; 120 (5) 1183-1192
70 Falchuk KR, Fiske SC, Haggitt RC, Federman M, Trey C. Pericentral hepatic fibrosis and intracellular hyalin in diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 1980; 78 (3) 535-541
71 Silverman JF, Pories WJ, Caro JF. Liver pathology in diabetes mellitus and morbid obesity. Clinical, pathological, and biochemical considerations. Pathol Annu 1989; 24 (Pt 1): 275-302
72 Zareba K, Czygier M, Kamocki Z, Cepowicz D, Szmitkowski M, Kedra B. Parenteral nutrition and preOp preparation in prevention of post-operative insulin resistance in gastrointestinal carcinoma. Adv Med Sci 2013; 58 (1) 150-155
73 Mukherjee K, Sowards KJ, Brooks SE , et al. Insulin resistance in critically injured adults: contribution of pneumonia, diabetes, nutrition, and acuity. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2015; 16 (5) 490-497
74 Svanfeldt M, Thorell A, Nygren J, Ljungqvist O. Postoperative parenteral nutrition while proactively minimizing insulin resistance. Nutrition 2006; 22 (5) 457-464
75 Lienhardt A, Rakotoambinina B, Colomb V , et al. Insulin secretion and sensitivity in children on cyclic total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1998; 22 (6) 382-386
76 Assy N, Kaita K, Mymin D, Levy C, Rosser B, Minuk G. Fatty infiltration of liver in hyperlipidemic patients. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45 (10) 1929-1934
77 Chitturi S, Abeygunasekera S, Farrell GC , et al. NASH and insulin resistance: insulin hypersecretion and specific association with the insulin resistance syndrome. Hepatology 2002; 35 (2) 373-379
78 Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163 (4) 427-436
79 Liangpunsakul S, Chalasani N. Unexplained elevations in alanine aminotransferase in individuals with the metabolic syndrome: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES III). Am J Med Sci 2005; 329 (3) 111-116
80 Pagano G, Pacini G, Musso G , et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: further evidence for an etiologic association. Hepatology 2002; 35 (2) 367-372
81 Abdal Raheem S, Deen OJ, Corrigan ML , et al. Bariatric surgery complications leading to small bowel transplant: a report of 4 cases. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 38 (4) 513-517
82 Abbott WM, Abel RM, Fischer JE. The effects ot total parenteral nutrition upon serum lipid levels. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976; 142 (4) 565-568
83 Badimon JJ, Fleming CR, Patton J, Mao SJ. Changes of plasma levels of apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B and their isoforms in patients with intestinal failure receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45 (2) 414-422
84 Howard L, Ament M, Fleming CR, Shike M, Steiger E. Current use and clinical outcome of home parenteral and enteral nutrition therapies in the United States. Gastroenterology 1995; 109 (2) 355-365
85 Howard L, Heaphey L, Fleming CR, Lininger L, Steiger E. Four years of North American registry home parenteral nutrition outcome data and their implications for patient management. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1991; 15 (4) 384-393
86 Pironi L, Goulet O, Buchman A , et al; Home Artificial Nutrition and Chronic Intestinal Failure Working Group of ESPEN. Outcome on home parenteral nutrition for benign intestinal failure: a review of the literature and benchmarking with the European prospective survey of ESPEN. Clin Nutr 2012; 31 (6) 831-845
87 Rivera Jr A, Bhatia J, Rassin DK, Gourley WK, Catarau E. In vivo biliary function in the adult rat: the effect of parenteral glucose and amino acids. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1989; 13 (3) 240-245
88 Duerksen DR, Van Aerde JE, Chan G, Thomson AB, Jewell LJ, Clandinin MT. Total parenteral nutrition impairs bile flow and alters bile composition in newborn piglet. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41 (9) 1864-1870
89 Vanwijngaerden YM, Langouche L, Derde S , et al. Impact of parenteral nutrition versus fasting on hepatic bile acid production and transport in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness. Shock 2014; 41 (1) 48-54
90 Messing B, Bories C, Kunstlinger F, Bernier JJ. Does total parenteral nutrition induce gallbladder sludge formation and lithiasis?. Gastroenterology 1983; 84 (5 Pt 1): 1012-1019
91 Balistreri WF, Bove KE. Hepatobiliary consequences of parenteral alimentation. Prog Liver Dis 1990; 9: 567-601
92 LeBlanc MJ, Gavino V, Pérea A, Yousef IM, Lévy E, Tuchweber B. The role of dietary choline in the beneficial effects of lecithin on the secretion of biliary lipids in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1393 (2-3): 223-234
93 Buchman AL. Short bowel syndrome. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, , eds. Sleisenger and Fortran's Gastrointestinal Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders ; 2010: 1779-1795
94 Fiel MI, Wu HS, Iyer K, Rodriguez-Laiz G, Schiano TD. Rapid reversal of parenteral-nutrition-associated cirrhosis following isolated intestinal transplantation. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13 (9) 1717-1723
95 Fielding CM, Angulo P. Hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis: are they really two distinct entities?. Curr Hepatol Rep 2014; 13 (2) 151-158
96 Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J , et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2005; 129 (1) 113-121
97 Dam-Larsen S, Franzmann M, Andersen IB , et al. Long term prognosis of fatty liver: risk of chronic liver disease and death. Gut 2004; 53 (5) 750-755
98 Haflidadottir S, Jonasson JG, Norland H , et al. Long-term follow-up and liver-related death rate in patients with non-alcoholic and alcoholic related fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14: 166 (Abst.)
99 McPherson S, Hardy T, Henderson E, Burt AD, Day CP, Anstee QM. Evidence of NAFLD progression from steatosis to fibrosing-steatohepatitis using paired biopsies: implications for prognosis and clinical management. J Hepatol 2015; 62 (5) 1148-1155
100 Reichling JJ, Kaplan MM. Clinical use of serum enzymes in liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33 (12) 1601-1614
101 Ricci OE, Tozzi P, Caldini M , et al. Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes: the fast liver fraction in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease with or without cholestasis. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1984; 60 (7) 1363-1368