Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00032260.xml
Digestive Disease Interventions 2017; 01(01): 008-013
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1599255
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1599255
Review Article
Imaging of Cholangiocarcinoma
Further Information
Publication History
14 November 2016
30 January 2017
Publication Date:
22 March 2017 (online)
Abstract
Cross-section imaging plays an increasingly important role in the evaluation and diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CC). CCs can have varied radiological appearances, depending on their location, morphology, as well as their histological characteristics. An awareness of the varied imaging manifestations of CC and its accurate diagnosis are necessary to direct appropriate management. Recent advances in imaging techniques, histological assessment, molecular imaging, surgical techniques, and radiation therapy have all revitalized interest in the diagnosis and management of CCs.
-
References
- 1 Bergquist A, von Seth E. Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29 (2) 221-232
- 2 Shaib Y, El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24 (2) 115-125
- 3 Lee JH, Yang HM, Bak UB, Rim HJ. Promoting role of Clonorchis sinensis infection on induction of cholangiocarcinoma during two-step carcinogenesis. Korean J Parasitol 1994; 32 (1) 13-18
- 4 de Martel C, Plummer M, Franceschi S. Cholangiocarcinoma: descriptive epidemiology and risk factors. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2010; 34 (3) 173-180
- 5 Parkin DM, Ohshima H, Srivatanakul P, Vatanasapt V. Cholangiocarcinoma: epidemiology, mechanisms of carcinogenesis and prevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2 (6) 537-544
- 6 Bloom CM, Langer B, Wilson SR. Role of US in the detection, characterization, and staging of cholangiocarcinoma. Radiographics 1999; 19 (5) 1199-1218
- 7 Byrling J, Andersson B, Andersson R, Marko-Varga G. Cholangiocarcinoma--current classification and challenges towards personalised medicine. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51 (6) 641-643
- 8 Singh P, Patel T. Advances in the diagnosis, evaluation and management of cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2006; 22 (3) 294-299
- 9 Hayashi A, Misumi K, Shibahara J , et al. Distinct clinicopathologic and genetic features of 2 histologic subtypes of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40 (8) 1021-1030
- 10 Ebata T, Kamiya J, Nishio H, Nagasaka T, Nimura Y, Nagino M. The concept of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma is valid. Br J Surg 2009; 96 (8) 926-934
- 11 Meyer CG, Penn I, James L. Liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma: results in 207 patients. Transplantation 2000; 69 (8) 1633-1637
- 12 Kijima H, Wu Y, Yosizawa T , et al. Pathological characteristics of early to advanced gallbladder carcinoma and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2014; 21 (7) 453-458
- 13 Nakanuma Y, Sasaki M, Ikeda H , et al. Pathology of peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with reference to tumorigenesis. Hepatol Res 2008; 38 (4) 325-334
- 14 Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, DeMatteo RP , et al. Staging, resectability, and outcome in 225 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2001; 234 (4) 507-517 , discussion 517–519
- 15 Bismuth H, Corlette MB. Intrahepatic cholangioenteric anastomosis in carcinoma of the hilus of the liver. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1975; 140 (2) 170-178
- 16 Ramos E. Principles of surgical resection in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2013; 5 (7) 139-146
- 17 Ciombor KK, Goff LW. Current therapy and future directions in biliary tract malignancies. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2013; 14 (3) 337-349
- 18 Friman S. Cholangiocarcinoma--current treatment options. Scand J Surg 2011; 100 (1) 30-34
- 19 Akamatsu N, Sugawara Y, Hashimoto D. Surgical strategy for bile duct cancer: Advances and current limitations. World J Clin Oncol 2011; 2 (2) 94-107
- 20 Singh MK, Facciuto ME. Current management of cholangiocarcinoma. Mt Sinai J Med 2012; 79 (2) 232-245
- 21 Nguyen KT, Steel J, Vanounou T , et al. Initial presentation and management of hilar and peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: is a node-positive status or potential margin-positive result a contraindication to resection?. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16 (12) 3308-3315
- 22 Polydorou AA, Cairns SR, Dowsett JF , et al. Palliation of proximal malignant biliary obstruction by endoscopic endoprosthesis insertion. Gut 1991; 32 (6) 685-689
- 23 Brugge WR. Endoscopic techniques to diagnose and manage biliary tumors. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (20) 4561-4565
- 24 Aljiffry M, Walsh MJ, Molinari M. Advances in diagnosis, treatment and palliation of cholangiocarcinoma: 1990-2009. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15 (34) 4240-4262
- 25 Lau SH, Lau WY. Current therapy of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2012; 11 (1) 12-17
- 26 Butros SR, Shenoy-Bhangle A, Mueller PR, Arellano RS. Radiofrequency ablation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: feasability, local tumor control, and long-term outcome. Clin Imaging 2014; 38 (4) 490-494
- 27 Sapisochin G, Facciuto M, Rubbia-Brandt L , et al; iCCA International Consortium Liver transplantation for “very early” intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: International retrospective study supporting a prospective assessment. Hepatology 2016; 64 (4) 1178-1188
- 28 Hibi T, Itano O, Shinoda M, Kitagawa Y. Liver transplantation for hepatobiliary malignancies: a new era of “Transplant Oncology” has begun. Surg Today 2016; DOI: 10.1007/s00595-016-1337-1.
- 29 Schmeding M, Neumann UP. Liver transplant for cholangiocarcinoma: a comeback?. Exp Clin Transplant 2015; 13 (4) 301-308
- 30 Brandi G, Venturi M, Pantaleo MA, Ercolani G GICO Cholangiocarcinoma: Current opinion on clinical practice diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms: a review of the literature and a long-standing experience of a referral center. Dig Liver Dis 2016; 48 (3) 231-241
- 31 Sungkasubun P, Siripongsakun S, Akkarachinorate K , et al. Ultrasound screening for cholangiocarcinoma could detect premalignant lesions and early-stage diseases with survival benefits: a population-based prospective study of 4,225 subjects in an endemic area. BMC Cancer 2016; 16: 346
- 32 Koea J, Holden A, Chau K, McCall J. Differential diagnosis of stenosing lesions at the hepatic hilus. World J Surg 2004; 28 (5) 466-470
- 33 Neumaier CE, Bertolotto M, Perrone R, Martinoli C, Loria F, Silvestri E. Staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with ultrasound. J Clin Ultrasound 1995; 23 (3) 173-178
- 34 Rosenthal SJ, Cox GG, Wetzel LH, Batnitzky S. Pitfalls and differential diagnosis in biliary sonography. Radiographics 1990; 10 (2) 285-311
- 35 Lupi L, Bighi S, Cervi PM, Marzola A. The CT and US aspects in hepatic cholangiocarcinoma due to thorium dioxide (thorotrast). A case report and review of the literature [in Italian]. Radiol Med (Torino) 1990; 79 (4) 399-401
- 36 Colli A, Cocciolo M, Mumoli N , et al. Peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: ultrasound findings and differential diagnosis from hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Ultrasound 1998; 7 (2) 93-99
- 37 Singh A, Chandrashekhara SH, Handa N, Baliyan V, Kumar P. “Periportal neoplasms”--a CT perspective: review article. Br J Radiol 2016; 89 (1060) 20150756
- 38 Yata M, Suzuki K, Furuhashi N, Kawakami K, Kawai Y, Naganawa S. Comparison of the multidetector-row computed tomography findings of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Radiol 2016; 71 (3) 203-210
- 39 Zhang H, Zhu J, Ke F , et al. Radiological imaging for assessing the respectability of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BioMed Res Int 2015; 2015: 497942
- 40 Seo H, Lee JM, Kim IH , et al. Evaluation of the gross type and longitudinal extent of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas on contrast-enhanced multidetector row computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2009; 33 (3) 376-382
- 41 Cho ES, Park MS, Yu JS, Kim MJ, Kim KW. Biliary ductal involvement of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: multidetector computed tomography versus magnetic resonance cholangiography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2007; 31 (1) 72-78
- 42 Lamba R, Fananapazir G, Corwin MT, Khatri VP. Diagnostic imaging of hepatic lesions in adults. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2014; 23 (4) 789-820
- 43 Han JK, Choi BI, Kim AY , et al. Cholangiocarcinoma: pictorial essay of CT and cholangiographic findings. Radiographics 2002; 22 (1) 173-187
- 44 Apisarnthanarak P, Pansri C, Maungsomboon K, Thamtorawat S. The CT appearances for differentiating of peripheral, mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma and liver meatastases from colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Med Assoc Thai 2014; 97 (4) 415-422
- 45 Wu XP, Ni JM, Zhang ZY , et al. Preoperative evaluation of malignant perihilar biliary obstruction: negative-contrast CT cholangiopancreatography and CT angiography versus MRCP and MR angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 205 (4) 780-788
- 46 Sahani D, Saini S, Pena C , et al. Using multidetector CT for preoperative vascular evaluation of liver neoplasms: technique and results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179 (1) 53-59
- 47 Youngson GG, Driver CP, Mahomed AA, Duddalwar VA. Computed tomographic cholangiography in the diagnosis of bile duct injury in children. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38 (11) E18-E20
- 48 Cabada Giadás T, Sarría Octavio de Toledo L, Martínez-Berganza Asensio MT , et al. Helical CT cholangiography in the evaluation of the biliary tract: application to the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. Abdom Imaging 2002; 27 (1) 61-70
- 49 Yeh BM, Breiman RS, Taouli B, Qayyum A, Roberts JP, Coakley FV. Biliary tract depiction in living potential liver donors: comparison of conventional MR, mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced excretory MR, and multi-detector row CT cholangiography--initial experience. Radiology 2004; 230 (3) 645-651
- 50 Zandrino F, Benzi L, Ferretti ML, Ferrando R, Reggiani G, Musante F. Multislice CT cholangiography without biliary contrast agent: technique and initial clinical results in the assessment of patients with biliary obstruction. Eur Radiol 2002; 12 (5) 1155-1161
- 51 Persson A, Dahlström N, Smedby O, Brismar TB. Three-dimensional drip infusion CT cholangiography in patients with suspected obstructive biliary disease: a retrospective analysis of feasibility and adverse reaction to contrast material. BMC Med Imaging 2006; 6: 1
- 52 Persson A, Dahlström N, Smedby O, Brismar TB. Volume rendering of three-dimensional drip infusion CT cholangiography in patients with suspected obstructive biliary disease: a retrospective study. Br J Radiol 2005; 78 (936) 1078-1085
- 53 Hänninen EL, Pech M, Jonas S , et al. Magnetic resonance imaging including magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for tumor localization and therapy planning in malignant hilar obstructions. Acta Radiol 2005; 46 (5) 462-470
- 54 Qian H, Li S, Ji M, Lin G. MRI characteristics for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant small solitary hypovascular hepatic nodules. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28 (7) 749-756
- 55 Joo I, Lee JM, Lee SM, Lee JS, Park JY, Han JK. Diagnostic accuracy of liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) v2014 for intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinomas in patients with chronic liver disease on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44 (5) 1330-1338
- 56 Ciresa M, De Gaetano AM, Pompili M , et al. Enhancement patterns of intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma at multiphasic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with clinicopathologic features. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015; 19 (15) 2786-2797
- 57 Mamone G, Marrone G, Caruso S , et al. Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: enhancement pattern on Gd-BOPTA-MRI with emphasis of hepatobiliary phase. Abdom Imaging 2015; 40 (7) 2313-2322
- 58 Adam SZ, Parthasarathy S, Miller FH. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas mimicking other lesions. Abdom Imaging 2015; 40 (7) 2345-2354
- 59 Chung YE, Kim MJ, Park YN , et al. Varying appearances of cholangiocarcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2009; 29 (3) 683-700
- 60 Vilgrain V. Staging cholangiocarcinoma by imaging studies. HPB (Oxford) 2008; 10 (2) 106-109
- 61 Yoon JH. Biliary papillomatosis: correlation of radiologic findings with percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2013; 22 (4) 427-433
- 62 Manfredi R, Barbaro B, Masselli G, Vecchioli A, Marano P. Magnetic resonance imaging of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24 (2) 155-164
- 63 Yin LL, Song B, Xu J, Li YC. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: preoperative evaluation with a three dimensional volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination magnetic resonance imaging sequence. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007; 120 (8) 636-642
- 64 Park DH, Kim MH, Lee SK , et al. Can MRCP replace the diagnostic role of ERCP for patients with choledochal cysts?. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62 (3) 360-366
- 65 Tse F, Barkun JS, Romagnuolo J, Friedman G, Bornstein JD, Barkun AN. Nonoperative imaging techniques in suspected biliary tract obstruction. HPB (Oxford) 2006; 8 (6) 409-425
- 66 Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E, Joseph L, Reinhold C, Barkun AN. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139 (7) 547-557
- 67 Masselli G, Gualdi G. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: MRI/MRCP in staging and treatment planning. Abdom Imaging 2008; 33 (4) 444-451
- 68 Zhong L, Li L, Yao QY. Preoperative evaluation of pancreaticobiliary tumor using MR multi-imaging techniques. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11 (24) 3756-3761
- 69 Zhong L, Xiao SD, Stoker J, Nj Tytgat G. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Chin J Dig Dis 2004; 5 (4) 139-148
- 70 Tsai TH, Hsu JS, Lai ML, Liu GC, Shih MC, Chen CY. Added value of diffusion-weighted imaging to MR cholangiopancreatography for the diagnosis of bile duct dilatations. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2016; 41 (3) 485-492
- 71 Wang J, Liu JJ, Liang YY , et al. Could diffusion-weighted imaging detect injured bile ducts of ischemic-type biliary lesions after orthotopic liver transplantation?. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 199 (4) 901-906
- 72 Ustundag Y, Alper E, Fusaroli P. EUS-FNA versus ERCP-guided sampling for suspected malignant biliary obstruction: which to choose?. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81 (1) 241-242
- 73 Téllez-Ávila FI, Bernal-Méndez AR, Guerrero-Vázquez CG, Martínez-Lozano JA, Ramírez-Luna MÁ. Diagnostic yield of EUS-guided tissue acquisition as a first-line approach in patients with suspected hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109 (8) 1294-1296
- 74 Chang KJ. State of the art lecture: endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and FNA in pancreatico-biliary tumors. Endoscopy 2006; 38 (Suppl. 01) S56-S60
- 75 Fritscher-Ravens A, Broering DC, Knoefel WT , et al. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration of suspected hilar cholangiocarcinoma in potentially operable patients with negative brush cytology. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99 (1) 45-51
- 76 Eloubeidi MA, Iseman DT, Chen VK, Vickers SM, Wilcox CM. Prevalence and significance of periduodenal venous collaterals in patients evaluated for pancreaticobiliary disorders by endosonography. Endoscopy 2003; 35 (12) 1015-1019
- 77 Elias Y, Mariano Jr AT, Lu Y. Detection of primary malignancy and metastases with FDG PET/CT in patients with cholangiocarcinomas: lesion-based comparison with contrast enhanced CT. World J Nucl Med 2016; 15 (3) 161-166
- 78 Jiang L, Tan H, Panje CM, Yu H, Xiu Y, Shi H. Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 2016; 41 (1) 1-7
- 79 Fritscher-Ravens A, Bohuslavizki KH, Broering DC , et al. FDG PET in the diagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Nucl Med Commun 2001; 22 (12) 1277-1285
- 80 Choi EK, Yoo IeR, Kim SH , et al. The clinical value of dual-time point 18F-FDG PET/CT for differentiating extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from benign disease. Clin Nucl Med 2013; 38 (3) e106-e111