Percutaneous Management of Malignant Biliary Strictures: Current Status and Future Directions

Mohammed Attaya; Hosam Attaya; Ashraf Thabet

doi:10.1055/s-0037-1601378

Digestive Disease Interventions, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Digestive Disease Interventions 2017; 01(01): 036-046
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1601378

Review Article

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA

Percutaneous Management of Malignant Biliary Strictures: Current Status and Future Directions

Mohammed Attaya

¹Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

,

Hosam Attaya

¹Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

,

Ashraf Thabet

¹Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

Various minimally invasive percutaneous interventions may be performed for the treatment and management of malignant biliary obstruction. The types of percutaneous interventions include percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, percutaneous cholecystostomy, and biliary stent placement. Biliary stents have undergone continued evolution in design to prolong patency, increase cost-effectiveness, improve patient survival, and quality of life. Furthermore, investigational techniques, such as radiofrequency ablation, intraluminal brachytherapy, and photodynamic therapy promise new technologies in the field of biliary intervention. This review focuses on the current status of percutaneous therapies for malignant biliary strictures and obstruction.

Keywords

malignant biliary obstruction - percutaneous interventions - biliary drainage - biliary stents

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin 2016; 66 (1) 7-30
2 Lillemoe KD, Pitt HA. Palliation. Surgical and otherwise. Cancer 1996; 78 (3, Suppl): 605-614
3 Assimakopoulos SF, Scopa CD, Vagianos CE. Pathophysiology of increased intestinal permeability in obstructive jaundice. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13 (48) 6458-6464
4 Katz SC, Ryan K, Ahmed N , et al. Obstructive jaundice expands intrahepatic regulatory T cells, which impair liver T lymphocyte function but modulate liver cholestasis and fibrosis. J Immunol 2011; 187 (3) 1150-1156
5 Castaño R, Lopes TL, Alvarez O, Calvo V, Luz LP, Artifon EL. Nitinol biliary stent versus surgery for palliation of distal malignant biliary obstruction. Surg Endosc 2010; 24 (9) 2092-2098
6 Dixon JM, Armstrong CP, Duffy SW, Davies GC. Factors affecting morbidity and mortality after surgery for obstructive jaundice: a review of 373 patients. Gut 1983; 24 (9) 845-852
7 Kloek JJ, van der Gaag NA, Aziz Y , et al. Endoscopic and percutaneous preoperative biliary drainage in patients with suspected hilar cholangiocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2010; 14 (1) 119-125
8 Klatskin G. Adenocarcinoma of the Hepatic Duct at Its Bifurcation within the Porta Hepatis. An Unusual Tumor with Distinctive Clinical and Pathological Features. Am J Med 1965; 38: 241-256
9 Burckhardt H, Muller W. Versuche über die Punktion der Gallenblase und ihre Röntgendarstellung. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie 1921; 162 (3) 168-197
10 Huard P, Hop DX. La ponction transhepatique des canaux biliaires. Bull Soc Med Chir Indochine 1937; 15: 1090-1100
11 Oto M, Tsuchiya Y, Ono T, Miki M, Saisho H. Application of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in internal medicine [in Japanese]. Nihon Rinsho 1969; 27 (11) 2798-2802
12 Boguth L, Tatalovic S, Antonucci F, Heer M, Sulser H, Zollikofer CL. Malignant biliary obstruction: clinical and histopathologic correlation after treatment with self-expanding metal prostheses. Radiology 1994; 192 (3) 669-674
13 Wagner HJ, Knyrim K, Vakil N, Klose KJ. Plastic endoprostheses versus metal stents in the palliative treatment of malignant hilar biliary obstruction. A prospective and randomized trial. Endoscopy 1993; 25 (3) 213-218
14 Kühn JP, Busemann A, Lerch MM, Heidecke CD, Hosten N, Puls R. Percutaneous biliary drainage in patients with nondilated intrahepatic bile ducts compared with patients with dilated intrahepatic bile ducts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195 (4) 851-857
15 Weber A, Gaa J, Rosca B , et al. Complications of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in patients with dilated and nondilated intrahepatic bile ducts. Eur J Radiol 2009; 72 (3) 412-417
16 Harding J, Mortimer A, Kelly M, Loveday E. Interval biliary stent placement via percutaneous ultrasound guided cholecystostomy: another approach to palliative treatment in malignant biliary tract obstruction. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010; 33 (6) 1262-1265
17 Yasumoto T, Yokoyama S, Nagaike K. Percutaneous transcholecystic metallic stent placement for malignant obstruction of the common bile duct: preliminary clinical evaluation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21 (2) 252-258
18 Xing GS, Geng JC, Han XW, Dai JH, Wu CY. Endobiliary brush cytology during percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage in patients with obstructive jaundice. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2005; 4 (1) 98-103
19 Jung GS, Huh JD, Lee SU, Han BH, Chang HK, Cho YD. Bile duct: analysis of percutaneous transluminal forceps biopsy in 130 patients suspected of having malignant biliary obstruction. Radiology 2002; 224 (3) 725-730
20 Tsai CC, Mo LR, Chou CY , et al. Percutaneous transhepatic transluminal forceps biopsy in obstructive jaundice. Hepatogastroenterology 1997; 44 (15) 770-773
21 Savader SJ, Prescott CA, Lund GB, Osterman FA. Intraductal biliary biopsy: comparison of three techniques. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996; 7 (5) 743-750
22 Rossi M, Cantisani V, Salvatori FM , et al. Histologic assessment of biliary obstruction with different percutaneous endoluminal techniques. BMC Med Imaging 2004; 4 (1) 3
23 Tapping CR, Byass OR, Cast JE. Cytological sampling versus forceps biopsy during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and analysis of factors predicting success. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012; 35 (4) 883-889
24 Kim JY, Choi JH, Kim JH , et al. Clinical usefulness of bile cytology obtained from biliary drainage tube for diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma [in Korean]. Korean J Gastroenterol 2014; 63 (2) 107-113
25 Hemming AW, Reed AI, Howard RJ , et al. Preoperative portal vein embolization for extended hepatectomy. Ann Surg 2003; 237 (5) 686-691 , discussion 691–693
26 Uhl M, Euringer W, Makowiec F, Adam U, Schneider A, Langer M. Portal vein embolization preparation for major hepatic resection: a new standard in liver surgery [in German]. RoFo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed 2007; 179 (1) 31-37
27 Galandi D, Schwarzer G, Bassler D, Allgaier HP. Ursodeoxycholic acid and/or antibiotics for prevention of biliary stent occlusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; (3) CD003043
28 Davids PH, Groen AK, Rauws EA, Tytgat GN, Huibregtse K. Randomised trial of self-expanding metal stents versus polyethylene stents for distal malignant biliary obstruction. Lancet 1992; 340 (8834-8835): 1488-1492
29 Kaassis M, Boyer J, Dumas R , et al. Plastic or metal stents for malignant stricture of the common bile duct? Results of a randomized prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57 (2) 178-182
30 Katsinelos P, Paikos D, Kountouras J , et al. Tannenbaum and metal stents in the palliative treatment of malignant distal bile duct obstruction: a comparative study of patency and cost effectiveness. Surg Endosc 2006; 20 (10) 1587-1593
31 Knyrim K, Wagner HJ, Pausch J, Vakil N. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of metal stents for malignant obstruction of the common bile duct. Endoscopy 1993; 25 (3) 207-212
32 Soderlund C, Linder S. Covered metal versus plastic stents for malignant common bile duct stenosis: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63 (7) 986-995
33 Moss AC, Morris E, Mac Mathuna P. Palliative biliary stents for obstructing pancreatic carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (2) CD004200
34 Mukai T, Yasuda I, Nakashima M , et al. Metallic stents are more efficacious than plastic stents in unresectable malignant hilar biliary strictures: a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2013; 20 (2) 214-222
35 Sangchan A, Kongkasame W, Pugkhem A, Jenwitheesuk K, Mairiang P. Efficacy of metal and plastic stents in unresectable complex hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76 (1) 93-99
36 Loew BJ, Howell DA, Sanders MK , et al. Comparative performance of uncoated, self-expanding metal biliary stents of different designs in 2 diameters: final results of an international multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70 (3) 445-453
37 Lammer J, Hausegger KA, Flückiger F , et al. Common bile duct obstruction due to malignancy: treatment with plastic versus metal stents. Radiology 1996; 201 (1) 167-172
38 Isayama H, Kawakubo K, Nakai Y , et al. A novel, fully covered laser-cut nitinol stent with antimigration properties for nonresectable distal malignant biliary obstruction: a multicenter feasibility study. Gut Liver 2013; 7 (6) 725-730
39 Kitano M, Yamashita Y, Tanaka K , et al. Covered self-expandable metal stents with an anti-migration system improve patency duration without increased complications compared with uncovered stents for distal biliary obstruction caused by pancreatic carcinoma: a randomized multicenter trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108 (11) 1713-1722
40 Saleem A, Leggett CL, Murad MH, Baron TH. Meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing the patency of covered and uncovered self-expandable metal stents for palliation of distal malignant bile duct obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74 (2) 321-327.e1 , 3
41 Almadi MA, Barkun AN, Martel M. No benefit of covered vs uncovered self-expandable metal stents in patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11 (1) 27-37.e1
42 Kullman E, Frozanpor F, Söderlund C , et al. Covered versus uncovered self-expandable nitinol stents in the palliative treatment of malignant distal biliary obstruction: results from a randomized, multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72 (5) 915-923
43 Telford JJ, Carr-Locke DL, Baron TH , et al. A randomized trial comparing uncovered and partially covered self-expandable metal stents in the palliation of distal malignant biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72 (5) 907-914
44 Han YM, Jin GY, Lee SO, Kwak HS, Chung GH. Flared polyurethane-covered self-expandable nitinol stent for malignant biliary obstruction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14 (10) 1291-1301
45 Hausegger KA, Thurnher S, Bodendörfer G , et al. Treatment of malignant biliary obstruction with polyurethane-covered Wallstents. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170 (2) 403-408
46 Rossi P, Bezzi M, Salvatori FM, Panzetti C, Rossi M, Pavia G. Clinical experience with covered wallstents for biliary malignancies: 23-month follow-Up. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1997; 20 (6) 441-447
47 Bezzi M, Zolovkins A, Cantisani V , et al. New ePTFE/FEP-covered stent in the palliative treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13 (6) 581-589
48 Hatzidakis A, Krokidis M, Kalbakis K, Romanos J, Petrakis I, Gourtsoyiannis N. ePTFE/FEP-covered metallic stents for palliation of malignant biliary disease: can tumor ingrowth be prevented?. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007; 30 (5) 950-958
49 Schoder M, Rossi P, Uflacker R , et al. Malignant biliary obstruction: treatment with ePTFE-FEP-covered endoprostheses initial technical and clinical experiences in a multicenter trial. Radiology 2002; 225 (1) 35-42
50 Santerre JP, Labow RS, Duguay DG, Erfle D, Adams GA. Biodegradation evaluation of polyether and polyester-urethanes with oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes. J Biomed Mater Res 1994; 28 (10) 1187-1199
51 Mezawa S, Homma H, Sato T , et al. A study of carboplatin-coated tube for the unresectable cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2000; 32 (5) 916-923
52 Suk KT, Kim JW, Kim HS , et al. Human application of a metallic stent covered with a paclitaxel-incorporated membrane for malignant biliary obstruction: multicenter pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66 (4) 798-803
53 Song TJ, Lee SS, Yun SC , et al. Paclitaxel-eluting covered metal stents versus covered metal stents for distal malignant biliary obstruction: a prospective comparative pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73 (4) 727-733
54 Okuda K, Nakanuma Y, Miyazaki M. Cholangiocarcinoma: recent progress. Part 1: epidemiology and etiology. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17 (10) 1049-1055
55 Bismuth H, Corlette MB. Intrahepatic cholangioenteric anastomosis in carcinoma of the hilus of the liver. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1975; 140 (2) 170-178
56 Bismuth H, Castaing D, Traynor O. Resection or palliation: priority of surgery in the treatment of hilar cancer. World J Surg 1988; 12 (1) 39-47
57 Coons H. Metallic stents for the treatment of biliary obstruction: a report of 100 cases. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1992; 15 (6) 367-374
58 Adam A. Metallic biliary endoprostheses. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1994; 17 (3) 127-132
59 Cowling MG, Adam AN. Internal stenting in malignant biliary obstruction. World J Surg 2001; 25 (3) 355-359 , discussion 359–361
60 Inal M, Akgül E, Aksungur E, Seydaoğlu G. Percutaneous placement of biliary metallic stents in patients with malignant hilar obstruction: unilobar versus bilobar drainage. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14 (11) 1409-1416
61 Chang WH, Kortan P, Haber GB. Outcome in patients with bifurcation tumors who undergo unilateral versus bilateral hepatic duct drainage. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 47 (5) 354-362
62 Naitoh I, Hayashi K, Nakazawa T , et al. Side-by-side versus stent-in-stent deployment in bilateral endoscopic metal stenting for malignant hilar biliary obstruction. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57 (12) 3279-3285
63 Kim CW, Park AW, Won JW, Kim S, Lee JW, Lee SH. T-configured dual stent placement in malignant biliary hilar duct obstructions with a newly designed stent. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15 (7) 713-717
64 Gwon DI, Ko GY, Yoon HK , et al. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous Y-configured covered stent placement for malignant hilar biliary obstruction: a prospective, pilot study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2012; 23 (4) 528-534
65 Yun JH, Jung GS, Park JG , et al. Malignant hilar biliary obstruction: Treatment by means of placement of a newly designed Y-shaped branched covered stent. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2016; 39 (4) 582-590
66 Corvino F, Centore L, Soreca E, Corvino A, Farbo V, Bencivenga A. Percutaneous “Y” biliary stent placement in palliative treatment of type 4 malignant hilar stricture. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7 (2) 255-261
67 Bae JI, Park AW, Choi SJ , et al. Crisscross-configured dual stent placement for trisectoral drainage in patients with advanced biliary hilar malignancies. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 19 (11) 1614-1619
68 Bruha R, Petrtyl J, Kubecova M , et al. Intraluminal brachytherapy and selfexpandable stents in nonresectable biliary malignancies–the question of long-term palliation. Hepatogastroenterology 2001; 48 (39) 631-637
69 Fritz P, Brambs HJ, Schraube P, Freund U, Berns C, Wannenmacher M. Combined external beam radiotherapy and intraluminal high dose rate brachytherapy on bile duct carcinomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 29 (4) 855-861
70 Aggarwal R, Patel FD, Kapoor R, Kang M, Kumar P, Chander Sharma S. Evaluation of high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in the palliative management of malignant biliary obstruction–a pilot study. Brachytherapy 2013; 12 (2) 162-170
71 Kocak Z, Ozkan H, Adli M, Garipagaoglu M, Kurtman C, Cakmak A. Intraluminal brachytherapy with metallic stenting in the palliative treatment of malignant obstruction of the bile duct. Radiat Med 2005; 23 (3) 200-207
72 Eschelman DJ, Shapiro MJ, Bonn J , et al. Malignant biliary duct obstruction: long-term experience with Gianturco stents and combined-modality radiation therapy. Radiology 1996; 200 (3) 717-724
73 Takamura A, Saito H, Kamada T , et al. Intraluminal low-dose-rate 192Ir brachytherapy combined with external beam radiotherapy and biliary stenting for unresectable extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 57 (5) 1357-1365
74 Isayama H, Tsujino T, Nakai Y , et al. Clinical benefit of radiation therapy and metallic stenting for unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18 (19) 2364-2370
75 Shin HS, Seong J, Kim WC , et al. Combination of external beam irradiation and high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy for inoperable carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 57 (1) 105-112
76 Cho YK, Kim JK, Kim MY, Rhim H, Han JK. Systematic review of randomized trials for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous ablation therapies. Hepatology 2009; 49 (2) 453-459
77 Mulier S, Ruers T, Jamart J, Michel L, Marchal G, Ni Y. Radiofrequency ablation versus resection for resectable colorectal liver metastases: time for a randomized trial? An update. Dig Surg 2008; 25 (6) 445-460
78 Sutherland LM, Williams JA, Padbury RT, Gotley DC, Stokes B, Maddern GJ. Radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors: a systematic review. Arch Surg 2006; 141 (2) 181-190
79 Zacharoulis D, Lazoura O, Sioka E , et al. Habib EndoHPB: a novel endobiliary radiofrequency ablation device. An experimental study. J Invest Surg 2013; 26 (1) 6-10
80 Itoi T, Isayama H, Sofuni A , et al. Evaluation of effects of a novel endoscopically applied radiofrequency ablation biliary catheter using an ex-vivo pig liver. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2012; 19 (5) 543-547
81 Steel AW, Postgate AJ, Khorsandi S , et al. Endoscopically applied radiofrequency ablation appears to be safe in the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73 (1) 149-153
82 Mizandari M, Pai M, Xi F , et al. Percutaneous intraductal radiofrequency ablation is a safe treatment for malignant biliary obstruction: feasibility and early results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013; 36 (3) 814-819
83 Li TF, Huang GH, Li Z , et al. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and intraductal radiofrequency ablation combined with biliary stent placement for malignant biliary obstruction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015; 26 (5) 715-721
84 Wang J, Zhao L, Zhou C , et al. Percutaneous intraductal radiofrequency ablation combined with biliary stent placement for nonresectable malignant biliary obstruction improves stent patency but not survival. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95 (15) e3329
85 Pai M, Valek V, Tomas A , et al. Percutaneous intraductal radiofrequency ablation for clearance of occluded metal stent in malignant biliary obstruction: feasibility and early results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2014; 37 (1) 235-240
86 Duan XH, Wang YL, Han XW , et al. Intraductal radiofrequency ablation followed by locoregional tumor treatments for treating occluded biliary stents in non-resectable malignant biliary obstruction: A single-institution experience. PLoS One 2015; 10 (8) e0134857
87 McCaughan Jr JS, Mertens BF, Cho C, Barabash RD, Payton HW. Photodynamic therapy to treat tumors of the extrahepatic biliary ducts. A case report. Arch Surg 1991; 126 (1) 111-113
88 Abels C. Targeting of the vascular system of solid tumours by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3 (8) 765-771
89 Castano AP, Mroz P, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6 (7) 535-545
90 Ortner MA. Photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma: overview and new developments. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2009; 25 (5) 472-476
91 Leggett CL, Gorospe EC, Murad MH, Montori VM, Baron TH, Wang KK. Photodynamic therapy for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a comparative effectiveness systematic review and meta-analyses. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2012; 9 (3) 189-195
92 Lu Y, Liu L, Wu JC, Bie LK, Gong B. Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: A meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39 (6) 718-724