Abstract
Background Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is important for brain development
and function, but the interactions of dietary DHA with fatty acid profiles, sensory
sensitivities, and inflammation that may change after traumatic brain injury (TBI)
are poorly understood. It is also unknown whether DHA alters experimental TBI outcomes
measured more than 2 weeks after injury. The current study investigated whether dietary
DHA, provided before (PreDHA) or after (PostDHA) experimental TBI, would improve outcomes
for up to 24 days after injury.
Methods Rats consumed predetermined diets for 28 days prior to midline fluid percussion injury
(mFPI) or to sham surgery. The effects of PreDHA, TBI, and PostDHA on comprehensive
fatty acid profiles, neuroinflammation, sensory sensitivity, and spatial learning
were then evaluated.
Results The results provided novel evidence that TBI selectively reduced brain DHA content,
as injury did not decrease any other fatty acid that was measured. Furthermore, PreDHA
and PostDHA attenuated injury-induced increases in sensory sensitivity as well as
in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-10, and interleukin-1β in the somatosensory
cortex. However, [3H]PK11195 autoradiography showed that PostDHA was more effective than PreDHA in reducing
microglial/macrophage activation in the somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, and substantia
nigra. Spatial learning outcomes were largely unaffected by diet or injury, but PostDHA
was associated with shorter swimming distances in the Morris water maze (MWM) at 15
days post-injury.
Conclusion Overall, sufficient DHA intake may be necessary to replace DHA that is lost to TBI
and may improve some symptoms of post-concussive syndrome (PCS) over an extended period
through inflammation-related mechanisms.
Keywords
traumatic brain injury - docosahexaenoic acid - neuroinflammation - post-concussive
syndrome
