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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Joints 2017; 05(04): 217-223
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608951
Review Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Risk Factors for Shoulder Stiffness: Current Concepts

Davide Cucchi
1   Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
2   Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
,
Antongiulio Marmotti
3   Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
,
Silvana De Giorgi
4   Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
,
Alberto Costa
5   Departemnt of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Orlandi Hospital, Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
,
Rocco D'Apolito
6   Department of Orthopaedics, S. Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
,
Marco Conca
7   UO Ortopedia Clinica San Carlo, Paderno Dugnano, Milan, Italy
,
Alessandro Russo
8   Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica—Clinica II, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
,
Maristella F. Saccomanno
9   Department of Orthopaedics, Catholic University, “A. Gemelli” University Hospital, Rome, Italy
,
Laura de Girolamo
10   Laboratorio di Biotecnologie applicate all'Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
,
SIGASCOT Research Committee › Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
11 December 2017 (online)

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Abstract

Shoulder stiffness is a condition of painful restriction of the glenohumeral range of motion. Numerous risk factors for primary and postoperative shoulder stiffness have been described. This article summarizes the known aspects of the pathophysiology of shoulder stiffness, with special attention to elements of molecular biology and genetics, which could influence the risk of developing shoulder stiffness. Furthermore, the role of hormonal and metabolic factors, medical disorders, drugs, and of other published risk factors for primary and postoperative shoulder stiffness is reviewed and discussed. Finally, aspects related to shoulder surgery and postoperative rehabilitation protocols, which could influence the development of postoperative stiffness are presented.

Keywords

shoulder stiffness - frozen shoulder - adhesive capsulitis - shoulder arthroscopy - inflammation
 

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