RSS-Feed abonnieren
Bitte kopieren Sie die angezeigte URL und fügen sie dann in Ihren RSS-Reader ein.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/de/10.1055-s-00035024.xml
Thromb Haemost 2001; 86(01): 138-143
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1616210
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1616210
Research Article
Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Nervous System Function and Dysfunction
Weitere Informationen
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
12. Dezember 2017 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/10.1055-s-00035024/200101/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0037-1616210-1.jpg)
Summary
The extracellular protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been implicated in various normal and pathological situations in the mammalian nervous system. The availability of (i) transgenic and knock-out mice in which the expression level of tPA can be widely varied, (ii) in vivo models for studying function and disease, and (iii) culture models for examining cell behavior, has allowed a detailed evaluation of many of these proposed functions. This chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge of possible roles for the tPA/plasminogen system in neuronal function and dysfunction.
-
References
- 1 Collen D. The plasminogen (fibrinolytic) system. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 259-70.
- 2 Menoud P-A, Debrot S, Schowing J. Localization of urokinase-type and tissue-type plasminogen activator mRNA during organogenesis in the mouse. Roux’s Arch Dev Biol 1989; 198: 219-26.
- 3 Carroll PM, Tsirka SE, Richards WG, Frohman MA, Strickland S. The mouse tissue plasminogen activator gene 5′ flanking region directs appropriate expression in development and a seizure-enhanced response in the CNS. Development 1994; 120: 3639-47.
- 4 Friedman GC, Seeds NW. Tissue plasminogen activator expression in the embryonic nervous system. Develop Brain Res 1994; 81: 41-9.
- 5 Rickles R, Strickland S. Tissue plasminogen activator mRNA in murine tissues. FEBS Letters 1988; 229: 100-6.
- 6 Sappino A-P, Madani R, Huarte J, Belin D, Kiss JZ, Wohlwend A. et al. Extracellular proteolysis in the adult murine brain. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 679-85.
- 7 Ware JH, DiBenedetto AJ, Pittman RN. Localization of tissue plasminogen activator mRNA in adult rat brain. Brain Res Bull 1995; 37: 275-81.
- 8 Davies BJ, Pickard BS, Steel M, Morris RG, Lathe R. Serine proteases in rodent hippocampus. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 23004-11.
- 9 Tsirka SE, Rogove AD, Bugge TH, Degen JL, Strickland S. An extracellular proteolytic cascade promotes neuronal degeneration in the mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 543-52.
- 10 Huarte J, Belin D, Vassalli A, Strickland S, Vassalli J-D. Meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes triggers the translation and polyadenylation of dormant tissue-type plasminogen activator mRNA. Genes Develop 1987; 1: 1201-11.
- 11 Wells DG, Richter JD, Fallon JR. Molecular mechanisms for activity-regulated protein synthesis in the synapto-dendritic compartment. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000; 10: 132-7.
- 12 Martin KC, Barad M, Kandel ER. Local protein synthesis and its role in synapse-specific plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000; 10: 587-92.
- 13 Gualandris A, Jones TE, Strickland S, Tsirka SE. Membrane depolarization induces calcium-dependent secretion of tissue plasminogen activator. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 2220-5.
- 14 Parmer RJ, Mahata M, Mahata S, Sebald MT, O’Connor DT, Miles LA. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is targeted to the regulated secretory pathway. Catecholamine storage vesicles as a reservoir for the rapid release of t-PA. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 1976-82.
- 15 Baranes D, Lederfein D, Huang YY, Chen M, Bailey CH, Kandel ER. Tissue plasminogen activator contributes to the late phase of LTP and to synaptic growth in the hippocampal mossy fiber pathway. Neuron 1998; 21: 813-25.
- 16 Qian Z, Gilbert ME, Colicos MA, Kandel ER, Kuhl D. Tissue-plasminogen activator is induced as an immediate-early gene duing seizure, kindling an long-term potentiation. Nature 1993; 361: 453-7.
- 17 Frey U, Müller M, Kuhl D. A different form of long-lasting potentiation revealed in tissue plasminogen activator mutant mice. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 2057-63.
- 18 Huang Y-Y, Bach ME, Lipp H-P, Zhuo M, Wolfer DP, Hawkins RD. et al. Mice lacking the gene encoding tissue-type plasminogen activator show a selective interference with late-phase long-term potentiation in both Schaffer collateral and mossy fiber pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 8699-704.
- 19 Calabresi P, Napolitano M, Centonze D, Gubellini GA, Tuele MA, Berretta N. et al. Tissue plasminogen activator controls multiple forms of synaptic plasticity and memory. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12: 1002-12.
- 20 Madani R, Hulo S, toni N, madani H, Stelmer T, Muller D. et al. Enhanced hippocampal long-term potentiation and learning by increased neuronal expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator in transgenic mice. EMBO J 1999; 18: 3007-12.
- 21 Mataga N, Imamura K, Shiomitsu T, Yoshimura Y, Fukamauchi F, Watanabe Y. Enhancement of mRNA expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator by L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine in association with ocular dominance in plasticity. Neurosci Lett 1996; 218: 149-52.
- 22 Müller CM, Griesinger CB. Tissue plasminogen activator mediates reverse occlusion plasticity in visual cortex. Nature Neurosci 1998; 1: 47-53.
- 23 Seeds NW, Williams BL, Bickford PC. Tissue plasminogen activator induction in Purkinje neurons after cerebellar motor learning. Science 1995; 270: 1992-4.
- 24 Matsuoka Y, Kitamura Y, Taniguchi T. Induction of plasminogen in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons by kainic acid. Neurosci Lett 1998; 252: 119-22.
- 25 Tsirka SE, Gualandris A, Amaral D, Strickland S. Excitotoxin-induced neuronal degeneration and seizure are mediated by tissue plasminogen activator. Nature 1995; 377: 340-4.
- 26 Tsirka SE, Rogove AD, Strickland S. Neuronal death and tissue plasminogen activator. Nature 1996; 384: 123-4.
- 27 Tsirka SE, Bugge TH, Degen JL, Strickland S. Neuronal death in the central nervous system demonstrates a non-fibrin substrate for plasmin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 9779-81.
- 28 Chen Z-L, Strickland S. Neuronal death in the hippocampus Is promoted by plasmin-catalyzed degradation of laminin. Cell 1997; 91: 917-25.
- 29 Nagai N, Urano T, Endo A, Takahashi H, Takada Y, Takada A. Neuronal degeneration and a decrease in laminin-like immunoreactivity is associated with elevated tissue-type plasminogen activator in the rat hippocampus after kainic acid injection. Neurosci Res 1999; 33: 147-54.
- 30 Nakagami Y, Abe K, Nishiyama N, Matsuki N. Laminin degradation by plasmin regulates long-term potentiation. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 2003-10.
- 31 Wu YP, Siao CJ, Lu W, Sung TC, Frohman MA, Milev P. et al. The tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasmin extracellular proteolytic system regulates seizure-induced hippocampal mossy fiber outgrowth through a proteoglycan substrate. J Cell Biol 2000; 148: 1295-304.
- 32 Meredith JE, Fazeli B, Schwartz MA. The extracellular matrix as a cell survival factor. Mol Biol Cell 1993; 4: 953-61.
- 33 Boudreau N, Sympson CJ, Werb Z, Bissell MJ. Suppression of ICE and apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells by extracellular matrix. Science 1995; 267: 891-3.
- 34 Coucouvanis E, Martin GR. Signals for death and survival: a two-step mechanism for cavitation in the vertebrate embryo. Cell 1995; 83: 279-87.
- 35 Tabrizi P, Wang L, Seeds N, McComb JG, Yamada S, Griffin JH. et al. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) deficiency exacerbates cerebrovascular fibrin deposition and brain injury in a murine stroke model. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 2801-6.
- 36 Kilic E, Hermann DM, Hossmann KA. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator reduces infarct size after eversible thread occlusion of middle cerebral artery in mice. Neuroreport 1999; 10: 107-11.
- 37 Wang YF, Tsirka SE, Strickland S, Stieg PE, Soriano SG, Lipton SA. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) increases neuronal damage after focal ischemia in wild-type and tPA-deficient mice. Nature Med 1998; 4: 228-31.
- 38 Nagai N, Mol MD, Lijnen HR, Carmeliet P, Collen D. Role of plasminogen system components in focal cerebral ischemic infarction. Circulation 1999; 99: 2440-4.
- 39 Yepes M, Sandkvist M, Wong MK, Coleman TA, Smith E, Cohan SL. et al. Neuroserpin reduces cerebral infarct volume and protects neurons from ischemia-induced apoptosis. Blood 2000; 96: 569-76.
- 40 Rogove AD, Siao C, Keyt B, Strickland S, Tsirka SE. Activation of microglia reveals a non-proteolytic cytokine function for tissue plasminogen activator in the central nervous system. J Cell Sci 1999; 112: 4007-16.
- 41 Kim Y-H, Park J-H, Hong SH, Koh J-Y. Nonproteolytic neuroprotection by human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Science 1999; 284: 647-50.
- 42 DelZoppo GJ. tPA: A neuron buster, too?. Nature Med 1998; 4: 148-50.
- 43 Cammer W, Bloom BR, Norton WT, Gordon S. Degradation of basic protein in myelin by neutral proteases secreted by stimulated macrophages: a possible mechanism of inflammatory demyelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 1554-8.
- 44 Akassoglou K, Kombrinck K, Degen JL, Strickland S. Tissue plasminogen activator-mediated fibrinolysis protects against axonal degeneration and demyelination after sciatic nerve injury. J. Cell Biol 2000; 149: 1157-66.
- 45 Bugge TH, Kombrinck KW, Flick MJ, Daugherty CC, Danton MJS, Degen J. Loss of fibrinogen rescues mice from the pleiotropic effects of plasminogen deficiency. Cell 1996; 87: 709-19.
- 46 Nagai N, Vanlinthout I, Collen D. Comparative effects of tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, and staphylokinase on cerebral ischemic infarction and pulmonary clot lysis in hamster models. Circulation 1999; 100: 2541-6.
- 47 Klein GM, Li H, Sun P, Buchan AM. Tissue plasminogen activator does not increase neuronal damage in rat models of global and focal ischemia. Neurology 1999; 52: 1381-4.
- 48 Chen Z-L, Indyk JA, Kombrinck K, Degen JL, Strickland S. Neuronal death and blood-brain barrier breakdown after excitotoxic injury are independent processes. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 9813-20.