Neurobiologische Grundlagen von Temperament und Persönlichkeit

Zusammenfassung

Temperament und Persönlichkeit sind seit jeher zentraler Bestandteil psychologischer Forschung. Während frühe Ansätze die Entstehung des Charakters in der Auseinandersetzung mit Eltern und Umwelt bzw. in Lernerfahrungen begründet sahen, entwickelte sich zeitgleich mit phänomenologisch orientierten statistischen Persönlichkeitssystemen das Interesse an der neurobiologischen Grundlage von Temperament und Persönlichkeit. Eysenck sah Persönlichkeitsmerkmale an die Aktivität spezifischer Hirnareale gebunden. Gray erweiterte diese Sicht um beteiligte Transmittersysteme. Aktuell werden die Grundlagen dieser basalen biochemischen Prozesse auf ihre jeweiligen genetischen Ursachen untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, dass diese zum einen nur in hochkomplexen Zusammenhängen zu beschreiben sind, zum anderen aber auch nicht genetisch-deterministisch wirken. In epigenetischen Prozessen nehmen frühe Erfahrungen und Umweltfaktoren Einfluss darauf, in welchem Rahmen sich die genetische Basis in der Ausgestaltung der individuellen Persönlichkeit niederschlägt.

Summary

Temperament and personality are central elements of psychological research ever since. In early approaches, personality derived from relations with parents and environment or from learning experiences. Along with phenomenological theories, neurobiological foundations of temperament and personality came into focus. Eysenck postulated traits as being connected to activity of certain brain areas. Gray extended this view to involved neurotransmitters. Currently, the basis of these basic biochemical systems is examined for their genetic roots. Hereby, it becomes obvious that this involves highly complex relations and is not to be understood deterministically. In epigenetic processes, early experiences influence the way the genes build up individual personality.

Schlüsselwörter

Persönlichkeit - Temperament - Neurobiologie - Genetik

Keywords

Personality - temperament - neurobiology - genetics

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