Antithrombotische und thrombolytische Therapie beim akuten Koronarsyndrom

Zusammenfassung

Unter dem Begriff des akuten Koronarsyndroms (ACS) werden die instabilen und somit lebensbedrohlichen Formen der klinisch manifesten koronaren Herzkrankheit zusammengefasst. Dies sind die instabile Angina pectoris, der Nicht-ST-Streckenhebung- (NSTEMI) und der ST-Streckenhebungs- Myokardinfarkt (STEMI) sowie der plötzliche Herztod. Wichtigstes therapeutisches Ziel ist die rasche und vollständige Wiedereröffnung der eingeengten oder verschlossenen Koronararterie, um das Ausmaß der Myokardnekrose zu minimieren. Therapie der Wahl ist hierfür die primäre perkutane Koronarintervention (PCI), wenn diese innerhalb von zwei Stunden von einem erfahrenen Team vorgenommen werden kann. Als alternative Reperfusionsstrategie steht für alle anderen Patienten die Thrombolyse zur Verfügung. Neben einer schnellen Reperfusion ist auch die optimale gerinnungs- und aggregationshemmende Therapie essenziell. Die Balance zwischen effektiver Gerinnungsinhibition einerseits und Blutungsgefährdung andererseits ist dabei Prognose entscheidend. Zahlreiche Neuentwicklungen in diesem Bereich bringen uns diesem Ziel immer näher. Dieser Übersichtsartikel gibt einen Überblick über die aktuellen Empfehlungen und einen Ausblick auf die Neuentwicklungen in diesem Bereich.

Summary

The term acute coronary syndrome (ACS) pertains to the instable and life-threatening forms of a clinically manifest coronary artery disease with biochemical and/or electro - cardiographic evidence of myocyte cell death. In detail, it includes the unstable angina pectoris, the non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) the ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and as well the sudden cardiac death. As early reperfusion of ischaemic myocardium is the most effective way for limiting infarct size by restoring the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, it is the most important therapeutic goal to achieve early and complete antegrade flow in the occluded or restricted vessel, related with a reduction of short and longtime complications as heart failure and severe arrhythmias. It is generally accepted, that the primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the method of choice in acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) to restore TIMI-3 blood flow in occluded coronary arteries, if this can be performed within two hours of symptom onset and by a highly specialized team. Since these requirements are only met in 20% of hospitals caring for patients with STEMI in Germany, the therapy with thrombolytic and anticoagulant agents plays still an important role. Apart from a rapid and effective prehospital primary care, it depends furthermore on a differentiated anticoagulatory and antithrombotic therapy during coronary intervention to get optimal results.

Schlüsselwörter

Akutes Koronarsyndrom - primäre perkutane Koronarintervention - Fibrinolyse - Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung

Keywords

Acute coronary syndrome - percutaneous coronary intervention - fibrinolytic therapy - antithrombin therapy - antiplatelet therapy

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