Download PDF
Adipositas - Ursachen, Folgeerkrankungen, Therapie 2012; 06(04): 230-235
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1618797
Übersichtsarbeit
Schattauer GmbH

Evolution der Adipositas

Eine Geschichte der Ernährung[*] Obesity evolutionA historical review on nutrition
A. Holler
1   Krankenhaus der Barmherzige Brüder, Graz/Österreich
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
28 December 2017 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Die Epidemie der Adipositas, die seit dem zweiten Weltkrieg die industrialisierten Länder ergriffen hat und nunmehr auch viele Schwellenländer zur Vollindustrialisierung erreicht hat, muss in den größeren Kontext der technologischen Entwicklung und gleichzeitig stattfindenden Bevölkerungsexplosion der Neuzeit gestellt werden, um deren Ursachen und Entwicklung erfassen zu können. Die Ernährung des Menschen hat sich in einer Millionen Jahre währenden Evolution entwickelt, wobei der Mensch bis zum Beginn der modernen Zeit seine Überlebensstrategien hauptsächlich an Zeiten des Mangels anpassen musste. Mit der industriellen Revolution ist für einen Teil der Weltbevölkerung ein Überangebot und eine tiefgreifende Veränderung der Qualität der Nahrung entstanden, die geschichtlich gesehen einzigartig ist. Daher darf die Beschreibung der Ursachen der explosionsartigen Ausbreitung der Adipositas nicht nur den genetischen Hintergrund betrachten, sondern sie muss einen weiten Bogen über die sozioökonomische Menschheitsgeschichte spannen.

Summary

Since World War II an epidemic of obesity has spread over industrialized countries and has also begun to invade populations in developing countries. The causes of this epidemic have to be seen in a greater frame formed by technological revolution and the contemporary increase in worldwide population to understand its development and future trend. Human nutrition has developed during the evolution over millions of years. Man must find several strategies to survive periods of starvation. The industrial revolution has caused a profound change of the quality of food and has brought a never seen before affluence of nutrition for a part of world population. Therefore, the description of the causes of the epidemic of obesity cannot only take into account the genetic background of the weight gain mechanism, but it must also try to consider the whole human history of socioeconomic evolution.

Schlüsselwörter

Übergewicht - Geschichte - Ernährung - Evolution - Adipositas

Keywords

Overweight - history - nutrition - evolution - obesity

* Aktualisierter, erweiterter Nachdruck aus: Journal für Ernährungsmedizin 2002; 4: 16–20


 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL. Effects of obesity on cardiovascular system and blood pressure control, digestive disease and cancer. In: Kopelman PG, Stock MJ. (eds). Clinical Obesity. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1998: 205-225.
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Widhalm K. Vorwort. In: Widhalm K, Diallo-Ginstl E. (eds). Ernährungsmedizin. Verlag der Österreichischen Ärztekammer, Wien; 2000: 3.
    Google Scholar
  • 3 WHO Expert Committee. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. WHO Technical Report Series; 1995: 854.
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Flegal KM, Troiano RP. Changes in the distribution of body mass index of adults and children in the US population. Obesity 2000; 24: 807-818.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Seidell JC. Epidemiology: Definition and classification of obesity. In: Kopelman PG, Stock MJ. (eds). Clinical Obesity. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1998: 1-17.
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Ludvik B. Adipositas – Diagnostik und Therapie. In: Widhalm K, Diallo-Ginstl E. (eds). Ernährungsmedizin. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Ärz-tekammer; 2000: 334-346.
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Garrow JS. Obesity. In: Garrow JS, James WPT, Ralph A. (eds). Human nutrition and dietetics. 10th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2000: 527-545.
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Hirsch J. Obesity. NEJM 1997; 337: 396-407.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 MacLean LD, Rhode BM, Nohr CW. Late outcome of isolated gastric bypass. Ann Surg 2000; 231: 524-528.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Teuteberg HJ, Flandrin J-L. Wandel im Lebensmittelverbrauch (Transformation du consommation alimentaire). In Flandrin JL, Montanari M. (eds). Histoire de l’alimentation. Arthème Fayard, Paris; 1995
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Wrigley EA. Continuity, chance and change. The character of the industrial revolution in England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1988
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Huppert G. After the black death. A social history of early modern Europe. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press; 1986
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Laska M. A comparison of food preferences and nutrient composition in captive squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, and pigtail macaques, Macaca nemestrina. Physiol Behav 2001; 73: 111-120.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Teaford MF, Ungar PS. Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 13506-13511.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Schoeninger MJ, DeNiro MJ, Tauber H. Stable nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen reflect marine and terrestrial components of prehistoric human diet. Science 1983; 220: 1381-1383.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Richards MP, Pettitt PB, Stiner MC, Trinkaus E. Stable isotope evidence for increasing dietary breadth in the European mid-Upper Paleolithic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 6528-6532.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Stiner MC. Thirty years on the “Broad Spectrum Revolution” and paleolithic demography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 6993-6996.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Macko SA, Lubec G, Teschler-Nicola M, Andrusevich V, Engel MH. The Ice Man’s diet as reflected by the stable nitrogen and carbon composition of his hair. The FASEB J 1999; 13: 559-562.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Dickson JH, Oeggl K, Holden TG, Handley LL, O’Connell TC, Preston T. The omnivorous Tyrolean Iceman: colon contents (meat, cereals, pollen, moss and whipworm) and stable isotope analyses. Philosoph Transact: Biol Sciences 2000; 355: 1843-1849.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Fischer GF, Fae I, Mann D, Kriks D, Jager W, Platzer W, Mayr WR, Volc-Platzer B. An HLA class-II allele frequent in Eskimos and Amerindians is found in the Tyrolean Ice Man. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 363-369.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Handt O, Richards M, Trommsdorff M, Kilger C, Simanainen J, Georgiev O, Bauer K, Stone A, Hedges R, Schaffner W. Molecular genetic analyses of the Tyrolean Ice Man. Science 1994; 264: 1775-1778.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Ortner L. Von der Gletscherleiche zu unserem Urahnl Ötzi. Zur Benennungspraxis in der Presse. In: Spindler K. (ed). Der Mann im Eis. Neue Funde und Ergebnisse. Wien, New York: Springer; 1995: 307.
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Magee R. Arterial disease in antiquity. Med J Aust 1998; 169 129: 663-666.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Wendorf M. Archaeology and the “thrifty” non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) genotype. Adv Perit Diab. 1992: 201-207.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Brand JCMiller, Colagiuri S. The carnivore connection: dietary carbohydrate -in the evolution of NIDDM. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 1280-1286.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Flandrin J-L. Die Vermenschlichung des Ernährungsverhaltens (L’humanisation du compor-tement alimentaire).. In: Flandrin J-L, Montanari M. (eds). Histoire de-l’alimentation. Arthème Fayard, Paris; 1995: 5-11.
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Perlès C. Ernährungsstrategien in der Urzeit (Les strategies alimentaires de la -préhistoire).. In: Flandrin J-L, Montanari M. (eds). Histoire de l’alimentation. Arthème Fayard, Paris; 1995: 26-36.
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Cohen MN. The significance of long-term changes in human diet and food economy. In: Harris M, Ross EB, (eds). Food and evolution. Toward a theory of human food habits. Philadelphia: Temple University Press; 1987: 261-283.
    Google Scholar
  • 29 Corbier M. Die soziale Hierarchie der Nahrungsmittel in Rom (L’hiérarchie sociale des viandes à Rome). In: Flandrin J-L, Montanari M. (eds). Histoire de l’alimentation. Arthème Fayard, Paris; 1995: 161-177.
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Bray GA. Obesity: Historical development of scientific and cultural ideas. Int J Obes 1990; 14: 909-926.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Lepetz S. L’animal dans la société gallo-romaine de la France du Nord. Revue archéologique de Picardie. 1996: 12.
    Google Scholar
  • 32 Tacitus PC. Agricola – Germania dialogus de oratoribus. Die Historischen Versuche. Wiesbaden: VMA-Verlag; 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Ross EB. An overview of trends in dietary variation from hunter-gatherer to modern capitalist societies. In: Harris M, Ross EB. (eds). Food and evolution. Toward a theory of human food habits. Philadelphia: Temple University Press; 1987: 7-55.
    Google Scholar
  • 34 Orlove BS. Stability and change in highland Andean dietary patterns. In: Harris M, Ross EB. (eds). Food and evolution. Toward a theory of human food habits. Philadelphia: Temple University Press; 1987: 481-515.
    Google Scholar
  • 35 Ferroni M. The urban bias of Peruvian food policy: Consequences and alternatives. Ph. D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1980. In: Harris M, Ross EB. (eds). Food and evolution. Toward a theory of human food habits. Philadelphia: Temple University Press; 1987
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Wrigley EA. The growth of population in eighteenth-century England: A conundrum resolved. P&P 1983; 98: 121-50.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Wrigley EA. Urban growth and agricultural change: England and the continent in the early modern period. In: Rotberg RI, Rabb TK. (eds). Population and economy: Population and history from the traditional to the modern world. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1986: 123-86.
    Google Scholar
  • 38 Fochler-Hauke G. (ed). Der Fischer Weltalmanach 1980. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag; 1979
    Google Scholar
  • 39 Baratta von M. (ed). Der Fischer Weltalmanach 1999. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag; 1998
    Google Scholar
  • 40 FAO factfile. UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2000
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 WHO MONICA Project: Risk factors. Int J Epidemiol. 1989; 18 (Suppl. 01) 46-55.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Taubes G. The soft science of dietary fat. Science 2001; 291: 2536-2545.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Heini AF, Weinsier RL. Divergent trends in obesity and fat intake patterns: the American paradox. Am J Med 1997; 102: 259-264.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Stammbaumhypothese zur Entwicklung des Menschen. F Schrenk, Die Frühzeit des Menschen. Der Weg zu Homo sapiens. München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1997 und 2003, S. 122.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen MJ, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Djordjevic BC, Dontas AS, Fidanza F, Keys MH. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124: 903-915.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54: 353-355.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Prentice AM. Obesity and its potential mechanistic basis. Br Med Bull 2001; 60: 51-67.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Pontzer H, Raichlen DA, Wood BM, Mabulla AZP, Racette SB, Marlowe FW. Hunter-Gatherer Energetics and Human Obesity. 7PLoS One 2012; 07 (07) e40503 Published online 2012 July 25. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040503.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) statistics 1992-2009. http://faos-tat3.fao.org/home/index.html#VISUALIZE.
    PubMed
  • 50 FAO PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE. www.fao.org/icatalog/inter-e.htm
    PubMed
  • 51 IOTF, International Obesity Task Force. London: 2008
  • 52 Epidemiology and Etiology of Obesity in Children and Youth of Sarajevo Canton. Hasanbegovicì S, Mesihovicì-Dinarevicì S, Cuplov M, Hadžimuratovicì A, Boškailo H, Ilicì N, Njuhovicì A, Cengicì N, Bajramovicì E, Brkovicì Š. Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. BOSNIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2010; 10 (02) 140-146.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Holler A. Epidemie der Adipositas als Folge der Evolution – eine Geschichte der Ernährung. Journal für Ernährungsmedizin 2002; 4 (2) (Ausgabe für Österreich). 16-20.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar