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Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2011; 39(04): 221-230
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623063
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Pyrrolizidinalkaloide und die Seneciose bei Tieren

Teil 1: Vorkommen, Chemie, ToxikologiePyrrolizidine alkaloids and seneciosis in farm animals. Part 1: Occurrence, chemistry and toxicology
E. Petzinger
1   Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
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Publication History

Eingegangen:04 March 2011

Akzeptiert nach Revision:09 May 2011

Publication Date:
05 January 2018 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

Pyrrolizidinalkaloide sind Pflanzentoxine, die in mehr als 6000 Pflanzenarten vorkommen. Die Seneciose der landwirtschaftlichen Nutztiere stellt eine Vergiftung mit Pyrrolizidinalkaloiden von Pflanzen der Gattung Senecio dar. Sie ist seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland, den USA, Kanada und Neuseeland bekannt und wird vor allem durch Senecio jacobaea und verwandte Senecio spp. bei landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren einschließlich Geflügel hervorgerufen. Tiervergiftungen mit Pyrrolizidinalkaloiden spielen weltweit eine große Rolle. In unseren Breiten findet vor allem die Vergiftung von Pferden und Rindern durch das Jakobskreuzkraut (Senecio jacobaea), die als Schweinsberger Krankheit bekannt wurde, erneut besondere Beachtung in der Tiermedizin. Sie tritt fast immer als chronische Vergiftung auf und endet in der Regel tödlich. Endgültige Ursache ist die Bildung von toxischen Metaboliten der Pyrrolizidinalkaloide in der Leber, die mit Nukleinsäuren und Proteinen kovalente Bindungen eingehen und zur Leberzirrhose führen. Da viele Pyrrolizidinalkaloide mutagene und einige auch kanzerogene Wirkungen besitzen, beschäftigen sich europäische und internationale Aufsichtsbehörden mit der Frage nach möglichen Rückständen in Lebensmitteln tierischen Ursprungs. Die Übersichtsarbeit befasst sich in Teil 1 mit Aspekten des Vorkommens, der Chemie und der Toxikologie von Pyrrolizidinalkaloiden sowie mit den durch sie hervorgerufenen Pflanzenvergiftungen bei landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren. Im zweiten Teil der Übersicht (46) erfolgt eine Darstellung des klinischen Verlaufs der Seneciose bei Tieren, von Behandlungsmaßnahmen, der erheblichen Speziesunterschiede sowie eine kritische Bewertung so genannter ungiftiger Aufnahmemengen von Senecio-Pflanzen im Tierfutter auf der Grundlage kumulativer letaler Toxindosen.

Summary

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids belong to a class of phytotoxins which are present in more than 6000 plant species. The disease seneciosis in farm animals represents the severe poisoning by pyrrolizidine alkaloids from plants of the genus Senecio. This form of poisoning has been known since the end of the 19th century in Germany, the USA, Canada and New Zealand, and is mainly caused by Senecio jacobaea and related Senecio spp. in farm animals, including poultry. Animal poisoning by pyrrolizidine alkaloids is of worldwide importance. In Germany poisoning of horses and cattle by Senecio jacobaea, which was earlier named Schweinsberg disease, is of renewed relevance for veterinary medicine. The disease occurs almost entirely as a consequence of chronic poisoning and in general ends fatally. The ultimate cause is the formation of toxic metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the liver, and their covalent binding to nucleic acids and proteins leading to liver cirrhosis. Because many pyrrolizidine alkaloids possess mutagenic, and a few also carcinogenic properties, European and international authorities are concerned about possible residue levels in food of animal origin. The review addresses in its first part several aspects, being the occurrence, the chemistry, and the toxicology of pyrrolizidine alkaloids as well as animal intoxications by poisonous plants. In the second part (46) clinical characteristics of animal seneciosis, the therapeutic interventions, the significant species differences and a critical assessment of so-called nontoxic amounts of Senecio plants in animal fodder with reference to cumulative lethal toxin doses are presented.

Schlüsselwörter

Schweinsberger Krankheit - Pflanzengifte - Pyrrolmetabolismus - DNA-Addukte - Hepatotoxizität

Key words

Schweinsberg disease - phytotoxins - pyrrole metabolism - DNA adducts - hepatotoxicity
 

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