Pyodermie beim Hund

C. Löwenstein

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1623605

Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere, Table of Contents

Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2011; 39(06): 405-417
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623605

Übersichtsartikel

Schattauer GmbH

Pyodermie beim Hund

Pyoderma in dogs

C. Löwenstein

¹Dermatologiepraxis, Frankenthal

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Zusammenfassung

Bakterielle Hautinfektionen im Zusammenhang mit kutanen kommensalen Organismen wie Staphylococcus pseudintermedius gehören zu den häufigsten dermatologischen Erkrankungen in der Kleintierpraxis. In dieser Übersicht werden Pathogenese, klinisches Bild und lokale und systemische Behandlungsoptionen diskutiert.

Summary

Bacterial infections associated with cutaneous commensal organisms like Staphylococcus pseudintermedius are frequently encountered in small animal practice. In this review, pathogenesis, clinical signs, and topical and systemic therapeutic options are discussed.

Schlüsselwörter

Haut - bakterielle Infektion - Staphylokokken - Staphylococcus pseudintermedius - Behandlung

Key words

Skin - bacterial infection - staphylococci - Staphylococcus pseudintermedius - treatment

Full Text

References

Literatur
1 Allaker RP, Lloyd DH, Bailey RM. Population sizes and frequency of staphylococci at mucocutaneous sites on healthy dogs. Vet Rec 1992; 130: 303-304.
2 Allaker RP, Lloyd DH, Smith IM. Prevention of exudative epidermitis in gnotobiotic piglets by bacterial interference. Vet Rec 1988; 123: 597-598.
3 Angarano DW, MacDonald JM. Efficacy of cefadroxil in the treatment of bacterial dermatitis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 194: 57-59.
4 Ascher F, Maynard L, Laurent J, Goubet B. Controlled trial of Ethyl Lactate and Benzoyl Peroxide shampoos in the management of canine surface pyoderma and superficial pyoderma. Adv Vet Dermatol 1990; 375.
5 Bannoehr J, Ben Zakour NL, Waller AS, Guardabassi L, Thoday KL, van den Broek AH. et al. Population genetic structure of the Staphylococcus intermedius group: insights into agr diversification and the emergence of methicillin-resistant strains. J Bacteriol 2007; 189: 8685-8692.
6 Baxter CG, Vogelnest LJ. Multifocal papular deep bacterial pyoderma in a Boxer dog caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Aust Vet J 2008; 86: 435-439.
7 Berg JN, Wendell DE, Vogelweid C, Fales WH. Identification of the major coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp. of dogs as Staphylococcus intermedius . Am J Vet Res 1984; 45: 1307-1309.
8 Bibel DJ, Greenberg JH, Cook JL. Staphylococcus aureus and the microbial ecology of atopic dermatitis. Can J Microbiol 1977; 23: 1062-1068.
9 Biberstein EL, Franti CE, Jang SS, Ruby A. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns in Staphylococcus aureus from animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974; 164: 1183-1186.
10 Bryant RE, Mazza JA. Effect of the abscess environment on the antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin. Am J Med 1989; 87: 23S-27S.
11 Campbell DL. Sulphonamides: updates on use in veterinary medicine. Vet Dermatol 1999; 10: 205-215.
12 Campbell DL, Uhland CF, Dorn GP. Effects of oral sunflower oil on serum and cutaneous fatty acid concentrations in dogs. Vet Dermatol 1992; 03: 29-35.
13 Carlotti DN, Guaguere E, Pin D, Jasmin P, Thomas E, Guiral V. Therapy of difficult cases of canine pyoderma with marbofloxacin: a report of 39 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1999; 40: 265-270.
14 Chabanne L, Marchal T, Denerolle P, Magnol JP, Fournel C, Monier JC. et al. Lymphocyte subset abnormalities in German shepherd dog pyoderma (GSP). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1995; 49: 189-198.
15 Cox HU, Hoskins JD, Newman SS, Foil CS, Turnwald GH, Roy AF. Temporal study of staphylococcal species on healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 1988; 49: 747-751.
16 Cox HU, Newman SS, Roy AF, Hoskins JD. Species of Staphylococcus isolated from animal infections. Cornell Vet 1984; 74: 124-135.
17 de Jaham C. Effects of an ethyl lactate shampoo in conjunction with a systemic antibiotic in the treatment of canine superficial bacterial pyoderma in an open-label, nonplacebo-controlled study. Vet Ther 2003; 04: 94-100.
18 DeBoer DJ. Management of chronic and recurrent pyoderma in the dog. In: Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy. XII ed. Bonagura JD. ed Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995: 611-617.
19 Devriese LA, De PK. The anal region as a main carrier site of Staphylococcus intermedius and Streptococcus canis in dogs. Vet Rec 1987; 121: 302-303.
20 Devriese LA, Vancanneyt M, Baele M, Vaneechoutte M, De GE, Snauwaert C. et al. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius sp. nov., a coagulase-positive species from animals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55: 1569-1573.
21 Easmon CS, Crane JP. Uptake of ciprofloxacin by macrophages. J Clin Pathol 1985; 38: 442-444.
22 Frank LA, Kania SA, Hnilica KA, Wilkes RP, Bemis DA. Isolation of Staphylococcus schleiferi from dogs with pyoderma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 222: 451-454.
23 Futagawa-Saito K, Ba-Thein W, Fukuyasu T. High occurrence of multi-antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from healthy and diseased dogs and domesticated pigeons. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83: 336-339.
24 Ganiere JP, Medaille C, Etore F. In vitro antimicrobial activity of orbifloxacin against Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from canine skin and ear infections. Res Vet Sci 2004; 77: 67-71.
25 Ganiere JP, Medaille C, Mangion C. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus intermedius clinical isolates from canine pyoderma. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2005; 52: 25-31.
26 Giger U, Werner LL, Millichamp NJ, Gorman NT. Sulfadiazine-induced allergy in six Doberman pinschers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985; 186: 479-484.
27 Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P. Goodman and Gilman’s. The pharmacological basis of thereapeutics. 8th ed. New York: Pergamon Press; 1990
28 Guaguere E, Salomon C, Maynard L. Utilisation de la céfalexine dans la traitment des pyodermites canines: comparison de l’efficacité des différentes posologies. Prat Med Chir Anim 1998; 33: 237-246.
29 Guardabassi L, Schwarz S, Lloyd DH. Pet animals as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54: 321-332.
30 Harvey RG, Huntley S. The properties and use of penicillins in the veterinary field, with special reference to skin infections in dogs and cats. Vet Dermatol 1999; 10: 177-186.
31 Harvey RG, Littlewood JD. The distribution of bacteria (other than staphylococci and Propionibacterium acnes) on the hair, at the skin surface and within the hair follicles of dogs. Vet Dermatol 1995; 06: 79-84.
32 Harvey RG, Noble WC. Aspects of nasal, oropharyngeal and anal carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius in normal dogs and dogs with pyoderma. Vet Dermatol 1998; 09: 99-104.
33 Harvey RG, Noble WC, Lloyd DH. Distribution of propionobacteria on dogs: A preliminary report of the findings on 11 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1993; 34: 80-84.
34 Hill PB, Lo A, Eden CA, Huntley S, Morey V, Ramsey S. et al. Survey of the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of dermatological conditions in small animals in general practice. Vet Rec 2006; 158: 533-539.
35 Hillier A, Alcorn JR, Cole LK, Kowalski JJ. Pyoderma caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in dogs: 20 cases. Vet Dermatol 2006; 17: 432-439.
36 Holm BR, Petersson U, Morner A, Bergstrom K, Franklin A, Greko C. Antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci from canine pyoderma: a prospective study of first-time and recurrent cases in Sweden. Vet Rec 2002; 151: 600-605.
37 Horspool LJ, van LP, van den BR, Mawhinney I. Treatment of canine pyoderma with ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin – fluoroquinolones with different pharmacokinetic profiles. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 27: 147-153.
38 Ihrke PJ. Therapeutic strategies involving antimicrobial treatment of the skin in small animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 185: 1165-1168.
39 Ihrke PJ. Experiences with enrofloxacin in small animal dermatology. Comp Cont Educ Pract 1996; 18: 35-39.
40 Ihrke PJ. Bacterial Infections of the Skin. In: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and the Cat. Greene CE. ed St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2006: 807-814.
41 Ihrke PJ, Papich MG, DeManuelle TC. The use of fluoroquinolones in veterinary dermatology. Vet Microbiol 1999; 10: 193-204.
42 Ihrke PJ, Schwartzman RM, McGinley K, Horwitz LN, Marples RR. Microbiology of normal and seborrheic canine skin. Am J Vet Res 1978; 39: 1487-1489.
43 Inman AO, Olivry T, Dunston SM, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Gatto H. Electron microscopic observations of stratum corneum intercellular lipids in normal and atopic dogs. Vet Pathol 2001; 38: 720-723.
44 Jones RD, Kania SA, Rohrbach BW, Frank LA, Bemis DA. Prevalence of oxacillinand multidrug-resistant staphylococci in clinical samples from dogs: 1,772 samples (2001–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230: 221-227.
45 Kania SA, Williamson NL, Frank LA, Wilkes RP, Jones RD, Bemis DA. Methicillin resistance of staphylococci isolated from the skin of dogs with pyoderma. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65: 1265-1268.
46 Kligman AM, Leyden JJ, Stewart R. New uses for benzoyl peroxide: a broadspectrum antimicrobial agent. Int J Dermatol 1977; 16: 413-417.
47 Koch HJ, Peters S. Antimicrobial therapy in the German Shepherd dog pyoderma (GSP). An open clinical study. Vet Dermatol 1996; 07: 177-181.
48 Krogh HV, Kristensen S. A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats. II. Microflora of the normal skin of dogs and cats. Nord Vet Med 1976; 28: 459-463.
49 Kwochka KW. Keratinisation disorders. In: Current Veterinary Dermatology: The Science and Art of Therapy. Griffin CE, Kwochka KW, MacDonald JM. ed St. Louis: Mosby; 1993: 167-202.
50 Kwochka KW. Recurrent pyoderma. In: Current Veterinary Dermatology: The Science and Art of Therapy. Griffin CE, Kwochka KW, MacDonald JM. ed St. Louis: Mosby; 1993: 3-21.
51 Kwochka KW. The structure and function of epidermal lipids. Vet Dermatol 1993; 04: 151-159.
52 Lloyd DH. The inhabitants of the mammalian skin surface. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1980; 25-42.
53 Lloyd DH. The skin as a microbial habitat. Proceedings of the 12th annual congress of the European Society of Veterinary Dermatology 1995; 60-63.
54 Lloyd DH, Allaker RP, Pattinson A. Carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius on the ventral abdomen of clinical normal dogs and those with pyoderma. Vet Dermatol 1991; 02: 161-164.
55 Lloyd DH, Carlotti DN, Koch HJ, van den Broek AH. Treatment of canine pyoderma with co-amoxyclav: a comparison of two dose rates. Vet Rec 1997; 141: 439-441.
56 Lloyd DH, Lamport AI. Activity of chlorhexidine shampoos in vitro against Staphylococcus intermedius, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Malassezia pachydermatis . Vet Rec 1999; 144: 536-537.
57 Loeffler A, Cobb MA, Bond R. Comparison of a chlorhexidine and a benzoyl peroxide shampoo as sole treatment in canine superficial pyoderma. Vet Rec 2011; 169: 249.
58 Loeffler A, Linek M, Moodley A, Guardabassi L, Sung JM, Winkler M. et al. First report of multiresistant, mecA-positive Staphylococcus intermedius in Europe: 12 cases from a veterinary dermatology referral clinic in Germany. Vet Dermatol 2007; 18: 412-421.
59 Love DN. Antimicrobial sensitivity of staphylococci isolated from dogs. Aust Vet Pract 1989; 19: 196-200.
60 Manian FA. Asymptomatic nasal carriage of mupirocin-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a pet dog associated with MRSA infection in household contacts. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: e26-e28.
61 Marples RR, Kligman AM. Pyoderma due to resistant Staphylococcus aureus following topical application of neomycin. J Invest Dermatol 1969; 53: 11-13.
62 Mason IS, Kietzmann M. Cephalosporins - pharmacological basis of clinical use in veterinary dermatology. Vet Dermatol 1999; 10: 187-192.
63 Mason IS, Lloyd DH. The role of allergy in the development of canine pyoderma. J Small Anim Pract 1989; 30: 216-218.
64 Mason IS, Lloyd DH. Factors influencing the penetration of bacterial antigens. Adv Vet Dermatol 1990; 370-374.
65 Mason IS, Mason KV, Lloyd DH. A review of the biology of canine skin with respect to the commensals Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis and Malassezia pachydermatis . Vet Dermatol 1996; 07: 119-132.
66 Mateus A, Brodbelt DC, Barber N, Stark KD. Antimicrobial usage in dogs and cats in first opinion veterinary practices in the UK. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52: 515-521.
67 May ER, Hnilica KA, Frank LA, Jones RD, Bemis DA. Isolation of Staphylococcus schleiferi from healthy dogs and dogs with otitis, pyoderma, or both. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227: 928-931.
68 McEwan NA. Adherence by Staphylococcus intermedius to canine keratinocytes in atopic dermatitis. Res Vet Sci 2000; 68: 279-283.
69 McKellar QA. Clinical relevance of the pharmacologic properties of fluoroquinolones. Comp Cont Educ Pract 1996; 18 Suppl. 14-21.
70 Medleau L, Long RE, Brown J, Miller WH. Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus species isolated from canine pyodermas. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47: 229-231.
71 Messinger LM, Beale KM. A blinded comparison of the efficacy of daily and twice daily trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and daily sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim therapy in the treatment of canine pyoderma. Vet Dermatol 1993; 04: 13-18.
72 Morris DO, Rook KA, Shofer FS, Rankin SC. Screening of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, and Staphylococcus schleiferi isolates obtained from small companion animals for antimicrobial resistance: a retrospective review of 749 isolates (2003–04). Vet Dermatol 2006; 17: 332-337.
73 Mueller RS. The influence of ormetoprim-sulfamethoxine on the tear production in dogs. Proceedings of the Annual Members Meeting of the American Academy of Veterinary Dermatology and the American College of Veterinary Dermatology 1992; 15.
74 Mueller RS, Stephan B. Pradofloxacin in the treatment of canine deep pyoderma: a multicentred, blinded, randomized parallel trial. Vet Dermatol 2007; 18: 144-151.
75 Nix DE, Goodwin SD, Peloquin CA, Rotella DL, Schentag JJ. Antibiotic tissue penetration and its relevance: impact of tissue penetration on infection response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 1953-1959.
76 Noli C, Boothe D. Macrolides and lincosamides. Vet Dermatol 1999; 10: 217-223.
77 Noli C, Houwers D, Willemse T. Study of the resistance patterns of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dogs with pyoderma. Proceedings of the European Society of Veterinary Dermatology Annual Congress 1995; 216.
78 Pellerin JL, Bourdeau P, Sebbag H, Person JM. Epidemiosurveillance of antimicrobial compound resistance of Staphylococcus intermedius clinical isolates from canine pyodermas. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 21: 115-133.
79 Pin D, Carlotti DN, Jasmin P, DeBoer DJ, Prelaud P. Prospective study of bacterial overgrowth syndrome in eight dogs. Vet Rec 2006; 158: 437-441.
80 Powers TE, Varma KJ, Powers JD. Selecting therapeutic concentrations: minimum inhibitory concentrations vs subminimum or supraminimum inhibitory concentrations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 185: 1062-1067.
81 Prescott JF, Hanna WJ, Reid-Smith R, Drost K. Antimicrobial drug use and resistance in dogs. Can Vet J 2002; 43: 107-116.
82 Pryjma J, Heczko PB, Wilburg J. [Effect of inter-Staphylococcal antagonism on the development of infection in experimental animals]. Med Dosw Mikrobiol 1972; 24: 91-94.
83 Restrepo C, Ihrke PJ, White SD, Spiegel IB, Affolter VK. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of pradofloxacin tablets for the treatment of canine pyoderma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46: 301-311.
84 Rosser Jr EJ. German shepherd dog pyoderma: a prospective study of 12 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1997; 33: 355-363.
85 Saijonmaa-Koulumies L, Lloyd DH. Colonization of the canine skin with bacteria. Vet Dermatol 1996; 07: 153-162.
86 Sasaki T, Kikuchi K, Tanaka Y, Takahashi N, Kamata S, Hiramatsu K. Reclassification of phenotypically identified staphylococcus intermedius strains. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 2770-2778.
87 Scott DW. Feline dermatology 1900–1980: A monograph. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1980; 16: 331-182.
88 Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Bacterial skin diseases. Small Animal Dermatology. 6th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2001: 274-335.
89 Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Dermatologic therapy. Small Animal Dermatology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2001: 207-273.
90 Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Environmental skin diseases. Small Animal Dermatology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2001: 1073-111.
91 Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Skin immune system and allergic skin disease. Small Animal Dermatology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2001: 543-666.
92 Scott DW, Miller WH, Wellington JR. The combination of ormetoprim and sulfadimethoxine in the treatment of pyoderma due to Staphylococcus intermedius infection in dogs. Canine Pract 1993; 18: 29-33.
93 Scott DW, Peters J, Miller Jr WH. Efficacy of orbifloxacin tablets for the treatment of superficial and deep pyoderma due to Staphylococcus intermedius infection in dogs. Can Vet J 2006; 47: 999-1002.
94 Shimizu A, Wakita Y, Nagase S, Okabe M, Koji T, Hayashi T. et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from healthy and diseased dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63: 357-360.
95 Simou C, Thoday KL, Forsythe PJ, Hill PB. Adherence of Staphylococcus intermedius to corneocytes of healthy and atopic dogs: effect of pyoderma, pruritus score, treatment and gender. Vet Dermatol 2005; 16: 385-391.
96 Six R, Cherni J, Chesebrough R, Cleaver D, Lindeman CJ, Papp G. et al. Efficacy and safety of cefovecin in treating bacterial folliculitis, abscesses, or infected wounds in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233: 433-439.
97 Stegemann MR, Coati N, Passmore CA, Sherington J. Clinical efficacy and safety of cefovecin in the treatment of canine pyoderma and wound infections. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48: 378-386.
98 Suter MM, Crameri FM, Olivry T, Mueller E, von Tscharner C, Jensen PJ. Keratinocyte biology and pathology. Vet Dermatol 1997; 08: 67-100.
99 Toma S, Colombo S, Cornegliani L, Persico P, Galzerano M, Gianino MM. et al. Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily cephalexin in canine superficial pyoderma: an open controlled study. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49: 384-391.
100 Van V I, Nautrup BP, Gasper SM. Estimation of the clinical and economic consequences of non-compliance with antimicrobial treatment of canine skin infections. Prev Vet Med 2011; 99: 201-210.
101 Watts JL, Yancey Jr RJ. Identification of veterinary pathogens by use of commercial identification systems and new trends in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of veterinary pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994; 07: 346-356.
102 Werner LL, Bright JM. Drug-induced hypersensitivity disorders in two dogs treated with trimethoprim sulfadiazine: case reports and drug challenge studies. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1983; 19: 790.
103 White SD, Ihrke PJ. Pyoderma. In: Contemporary Issues in Small Animal Practice: Dermatology. Nesbitt G. ed New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1987: 95-121.
104 Wildermuth BE, Griffin CE, Rosenkrantz WS, Boord MJ. Susceptibility of Pseudomonas isolates from the ears and skin of dogs to enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2007; 43: 337-341.
105 Woldehiwet Z, Jones JJ. Species distribution of coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from dogs. Vet Rec 1990; 126: 485.