Empathie, Spiegelneuronensystem und Schizophrenie

T. Kircher; S. Krach; D. Leube

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1627326

Nervenheilkunde, Table of Contents

Nervenheilkunde 2008; 27(05): 394-402
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1627326

Original- und Übersichtsarbeiten - Original and Review Articles

Schattauer GmbH

Empathie, Spiegelneuronensystem und Schizophrenie

Empathy, mirror neurons and schizophrenia

Authors

T. Kircher

¹Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (Direktor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Dr. rer. soc. Schneider)
S. Krach

¹Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (Direktor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Dr. rer. soc. Schneider)

²Zentrale Serviceeinrichtung Funktionelle Bildgebung des IZKF-Biomat, RWTH Aachen Universitätsklinik
D. Leube

¹Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (Direktor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Dr. rer. soc. Schneider)

Abstract

Zusammenfassung

Das Spiegelneuronensystem (ventrolateraler präfrontaler Kortex, inferiorer Parietallappen, Sulcus temporalis superior) und dessen emotional-soziale Erweiterung (medialer Präfrontalkortex, Insula, Amygdala) sind aktiviert, wenn eigene Handlungen ausgeführt und wenn Handlungen anderer beobachtet werden, einschließlich subtiler emotionaler Verhaltensweisen. Die Fähigkeit zum Imitationslernen sowie zur Empathie könnte diesem Mechanismus zugrunde liegen. Die Gefahr besteht darin, dass eigene und fremdinitiierte Aktionen nicht mehr unterschieden werden können. Efferenzkopiemechanismen ermöglichen diese Selbst-/ Fremdunterscheidung von Handlungen. Es wird vermutet, dass dieser Mechanismus für das Gefühl der Agentenschaft von Handlungen, Gedanken und Gefühlen verantwortlich ist. Eine Störung des Spiegelneuronensystems könnte den Symptomen des Autismus und der Affektstörungen zugrunde liegen, eine Störung des Efferenzkopiemechanismus dem der Ich-Störungen und Halluzinationen bei Patienten mit Schizophrenie.

Summary

The mirror neuron system (ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobe, superior temporal sulcus) and its emotional-social annexe (medial prefrontal cortex, insula and amygdala) are activated either during self-initiated execution of actions or during the observation of these actions carried out by another person. These actions also include subtle emotional displays. Imitation learning as well as empathizing may result from this mechanism. However, the question arises how the initiation of self- and other initiated-actions can be distinguished. Efference copy mechanisms are thought to be involved in the differentiation between these alternatives. It is assumed that this mechanism provides a feeling of agency for actions, thoughts and emotions. A dysfunction of the mirror neuron system may underlie autism and disorders of affect in schizophrenia. Dysfunctions of the efference copy mechanism may underlay passivity symptoms (ego-disturbances) and hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia.

Schlüsselwörter

Spiegelneuronensystem - Efferenzkopiemechanismus - Empathie - Theory of Mind - funktionelle Kernspintomografie

Keywords

Mirror neuron system - efference copy mechanism - Theory of Mind - functional magnetic resonance imaging

Full Text

References

Literatur
1 Adolphs R, Damasio H, Tranel D. Neural systems for recognition of emotional prosody: a 3-D lesion study. Emotion 2002; Mar 2 (Suppl. 01) 23-51.
2 Adolphs R. et al. A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature 2005; Jan6 433 7021 68-72.
3 Adolphs R, Tranel D, Damasio H. Emotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychology 2001; Jul 15 (Suppl. 03) 396-404.
4 Aziz-Zadeh L, Wilson SM, Rizzolatti G, Iacoboni M. Congruent embodied representations for visually presented actions and linguistic phrases describing actions. Curr Biol 2006; Sep19 16 (Suppl. 18) 1818-1823.
5 Blakemore SJ, Frith C. The role of motor contagion in the prediction of action. Neuropsychologia 2005; 43 (Suppl. 02) 260-267.
6 Blakemore SJ. et al. The perception of self-produced sensory stimuli in patients with auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences: evidence for a breakdown in self-monitoring. Psychological medicine 2000; Sep 30 (Suppl. 05) 1131-1139.
7 Blakemore SJ, Wolpert DM, Frith CD. Central cancellation of self-produced tickle sensation. Nature neuroscience 1998; Nov 1 (Suppl. 07) 635-640.
8 Bleuler E. Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien. Leipzig: Deuticke; 1911
9 Botvinick M, Cohen J. Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see. Nature 1998; Feb19 391 6669 756.
10 Buccino G. et al. Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study. The European journal of neuroscience 2001; Jan 13 (Suppl. 02) 400-404.
11 Buccino G. et al. Neural circuits underlying imitation learning of hand actions: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron 2004; Apr22 42 (Suppl. 02) 323-334.
12 Carr L. et al. Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003; Apr29 100 (Suppl. 09) 5497-5502.
13 Dapretto M. et al. Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature neuroscience 2006; Jan 9 (Suppl. 01) 28-30.
14 Franck N. et al. Defective recognition of one’s own actions in patients with schizophrenia. The American journal of psychiatry 2001; Mar 158 (Suppl. 03) 454-459.
15 Franck N. et al. Cerebral blood flow changes associated with Schneiderian first-rank symptoms in schizophrenia. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences 2002; Summer 14 (Suppl. 03) 277-282.
16 Frith CD, Done DJ. Experiences of alien control in schizophrenia reflect a disorder in the central monitoring of action. Psychological medicine 1989; May 19 (Suppl. 02) 359-363.
17 Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G. Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 1996; Apr 119 (Pt 2) 593-609.
18 Gallese V, Keysers C, Rizzolatti G. A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2004; Sep 8 (Suppl. 09) 396-403.
19 Gazzola V, Rizzolatti G, Wicker B, Keysers C. The anthropomorphic brain: the mirror neuron system responds to human and robotic actions. NeuroImage 2007; May1 35 (Suppl. 04) 1674-1684.
20 Gur RE, McGrath C, Chan RM, Schroeder L, Turner T, Turetsky BI. et al. An fMRI study of facial emotion processing in patients with schizophrenia. The American journal of psychiatry 2002; Dec 159 (Suppl. 12) 1992-1999.
21 Hennenlotter A. et al. A common neural basis for receptive and expressive communication of pleasant facial affect. NeuroImage 2005; Jun 26 (Suppl. 02) 581-591.
22 Irani F. et al. Self-face recognition and theory of mind in patients with schizophrenia and first-degree relatives. Schizophrenia research 2006; Dec 88(1–3): 151-160.
23 Jaspers K. Allgemeine Psychopathologie. Ein Leitfaden für Studierende, Ärzte und Psychologen. Berlin: Springer; 1913
24 Kapur S. Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. The American journal of psychiatry 2003; Jan 160 (Suppl. 01) 13-23.
25 Kircher T, Leube DT. Ich-Bewusstsein. Konzeptueller Rahmen und neurowissenschaftliche Ansätze. In: Herrmann CS, Pauen M, Rieger JW, Schicktanz S. (Eds.) Bewusstsein Philosophie, Neurowissenschaften, Ethik. München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag; 2005: 270-285.
26 Kircher T, Leube DT. Selbst-Fremd-Repräsentation und ihre Störungen bei Schizophrenie. In: Förstl (Ed.) Theory of Mind. Berlin: Springer; 2006: 285-294.
27 Kircher TT, Leube DT. Self-consciousness, selfagency, and schizophrenia. Consciousness and cognitio 2003; Dec 12 (Suppl. 04) 656-669.
28 Knoblich G, Stottmeister F, Kircher T. Self-monitoring in patients with schizophrenia. Psychological medicine 2004; Nov 34 (Suppl. 08) 1561-1569.
29 Leslie KR, Johnson-Frey SH, Grafton ST. Functional imaging of face and hand imitation: towards a motor theory of empathy. NeuroImage 2004; Feb 21 (Suppl. 02) 601-607.
30 Leube DT. et al. The neural correlates of perceiving one’s own movements. NeuroImage 2003; Dec 20 (Suppl. 04) 2084-2090.
31 Lindner A. et al. Disorders of agency in schizophrenia correlate with an inability to compensate for the sensory consequences of actions. Curr Biol 2005; Jun21 15 (Suppl. 12) 1119-1124.
32 MacDonald PA, Paus T. The role of parietal cortex in awareness of self-generated movements: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Cereb Cortex 2003; Sep 13 (Suppl. 09) 962-967.
33 Meltzoff AN, Moore MK. Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures. Child development 1983; Jun 54 (Suppl. 03) 702-709.
34 Mottonen R, Jarvelainen J, Sams M, Hari R. Viewing speech modulates activity in the left SI mouth cortex. NeuroImage 2005; Feb1 24 (Suppl. 03) 731-737.
35 Parnas J. et al. EASE: Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience. Psychopathology 2005; Sep-Oct; 38 (Suppl. 05) 236-258.
36 Peled A, Pressman A, Geva AB, Modai I. Somatosensory evoked potentials during a rubber-hand illusion in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research 2003; Nov15 64 2–3 157-63.
37 Premack D, Woodruff G. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?. Behavioural and Brain Science 1978; 1: 515-526.
38 Rizzolatti G, Craighero L. The mirror-neuron system. Annual review of neuroscience 2004; 27: 169-192.
39 Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, Fogassi L. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 1996; Mar 3 (Suppl. 02) 131-41.
40 Rizzolatti G, Fogassi L, Gallese V. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nature reviews 2001; Sep 2 (Suppl. 09) 661-670.
41 Rogers C. A theory of therapy, and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In: Koch JS. ed. A study of a science Volume 3: Formulations of the person in the social context. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1959: 184-256.
42 Scharfetter C. Allgemeine Psychopathologie. 5, neu bearbeitete Auflage. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2002
43 Scharfetter C. The self-experience of schizophrenics. In: Kircher T, David A. (eds.). The Self in Neuroscience and Psychiatry. Cambridge: University Press; 2003: 272-93.
44 Schneider F. et al. Impairment in the specificity of emotion processing in schizophrenia. The American journal of psychiatry 2006; Mar 163 (Suppl. 03) 442-447.
45 Seiferth NY. et al. Increased neural response related to neutral faces in individuals at risk for psychosis. NeuroImage; submitted.
46 Seiferth NY. et al. Neuronal correlates of facial emotion discrimination in early-onset schizophrenia. submitted.
47 Spence SA. et al. A PET study of voluntary movement in schizophrenic patients experiencing passivity phenomena (delusions of alien control). Brain 1997; Nov 120 (Pt 11) 1997-2011.
48 Von Holst E, Mittelstaedt H. Das Reafferenzprinzip. Naturwissenschaften 1950; 37: 464-476.
49 Wicker B. et al. Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron 2003; Oct30 40 (Suppl. 03) 655-664.
50 Pulvermuller F. et al. Motor cortex maps articulory features of speech sounds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 2006; 103: 7865-7870.