Neuropsychologie in der Psychiatrie

Zusammenfassung

Nahezu alle psychiatrischen Erkrankungen gehen mit kognitiven Störungen einher, die weitgehend unabhängig von der Psychopathologie sind. Diese kognitiven Störungen sind für die Alltagsfunktionalität und für die Teilhabe von Menschen mit psychiatrischen Erkrankungen hoch relevant. Da sie durch Pharmakotherapie nicht wesentlich gebessert (teilweise sogar verstärkt) werden und psychotherapeutische Interventionen behindern, benötigen sie eine eigenständige Behandlung. Inzwischen konnte insbesondere für Schizophrenie, in Ansätzen aber auch für andere psychiatrische Erkrankungen, belegt werden, dass eine gezielte neuropsychologische Therapie nicht nur zur Verbesserung von kognitiven Funktionen führt, sondern Teilhabe und Lebensqualität positiv beeinflusst. Die adäquate Erfassung kognitiver Störungen und Ressourcen sowie die Planung und Durchführung von neuropsychologischen Therapien erfordert neuropsychologisches und psychotherapeutisches Wissen. Die Psychiatrie benötigt daher unbedingt gut ausgebildete Neuropsychologen, die in die Diagnostik und Behandlung psychiatrischer Patienten selbstverständlich eingebunden sind.

Summary

Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of psychiatric disorders. Cognitive functioning does not depend on the overall psychopathology. Since it is highly relevant for functional outcome, there is an increasing interest in the diagnosis and therapy of cognitive impairments. Pharmacotherapeutic interventions were not shown to successfully improve cognitive abilities in psychiatric patients. However, a wealth of studies could show that cognitive remediation therapy is effective in schizophrenia not only in improving cognitive functions but also in terms of overall functional outcome. Study outcomes for the neuropsychological therapy in other psychiatric disorders are somewhat encouraging. Neuropsychological diagnostic and training should be structurally implemented in psychiatric care, therefore, well educated and specifically trained neuopsychologists are highly needed in psychiatry.

Schlüsselwörter

Neuropsychologie - Kognition - neuropsychologische Diagnostik - kognitives Training - neuropsychologisches Training

Keywords

Neuropsychology - cognition - neuropsychological diagnostic - cognitive training - cognitive remediation

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