Long-term Results of Conservative Treatment, Excision Arthroplasty and Triple Pelvic Osteotomy for the Treatment of Hip Dysplasia in the Immature Dog

Summary

The long-term efficiency of conservative treatment, excision arthroplasty of the femoral head and neck and triple pelvic osteotomy for the treatment of hip dysplasia in the immature dog were compared using ground reaction forces analysis at the trot. Fourteen hips were re-evaluated for the conservative treatment group, 16 for the triple pelvic osteotomy group and ten for the excision arthroplasty group. Force plate analysis demonstrated that hind limbs belonging to the triple pelvic osteotomy group had, at the trot, a locomotor function similar to the one of normal hind limbs in the control group. At a “similar age”, hind limbs of the conservative group did not show any marked difference from those in the triple pelvic osteotomy and control groups. The dogs of the excision arthroplasty group showed ground reaction forces abnormalities, most probably due to the absence of a coxofemoral joint (decreased peak propulsive force and Fz impulse, compared to triple pelvic osteotomy and control groups). The forelimbs of conservative treatment, excision arthroplasty and triple pelvic osteotomy groups showed a peak propulsive force superior to the one in the control group. This could be an adaptation phenomenon in order to compensate a deficient function of the hind limbs or a habit acquired at a younger age.

Force plate analysis has demonstrated that hind limbs treated bilaterally with triple pelvic osteotomy had, at the trot, a locomotor function similar to the one of normal hind limbs from a control group. At a mean age of 4.5 ± 1 years, dogs treated conservatively did not show, at the trot, any marked difference with those treated with triple pelvic osteotomy and with normal dogs. Hind limbs treated with excision arthroplasty showed certain abnormalities most probably due to the absence of a coxofemoral joint such as a significant decrease of peak propulsive force and Fz impulse.

Keywords

Canine hip dysplasia - dog - force plate - triple pelvic osteotomy - excision arthroplasty of the femoral head and neck

• REFERENCES

• 1 Lust G. Hip dysplasia in dogs. In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery 2nd ed.. Slatter DH. (ed). Philadelphia: Saunders; 1993: 1938-43.
• 2 Lust G, Geary JC, Sheffy BE. Development of hip dysplasia in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1973; 34: 87-91.
• 3 Riser WH. Canine hip dysplasia: cause and control. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974; 165: 360-2.
• 4 Wallace LJ. Canine hip dysplasia: past and present. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1987; 2: 92-106.
• 5 Fries CL, Remedios AM. The pathogenesis and diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia: a review. Can Vet J 1995; 36: 494-502.
• 6 Slocum B, Smith G, Olmstead M. Treatment for hip dysplasia spark controversy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201: 205-9.
• 7 Johnston SA. Conservative and medical management of hip dysplasia. Vet Clin North Am (Small Anim Pract) 1992; 22: 595-606.
• 8 Barr ARS, Denny HR, Gibbs C. Clinical hip dysplasia in growing dogs: the long-term results of conservative management. J Small Anim Pract 1987; 28: 243-52.
• 9 Wallace LJ. Pectineus tendon surgery for the management of canine hip dysplasia. Vet Clin North Am (Small Anim Pract) 1992; 22: 607-21.
• 10 Piermattei DL. Femoral head ostectomy in the dog: indications, techniques, and results in ten dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1965; 1: 180-8.
• 11 Duff R, Campbell JR. Long term results of excision arthroplasty of the canine hip. Vet Rec 1977; 101: 181-4.
• 12 Gendreau C, Cawley AJ. Excision of the femoral head and neck: the long term results of 35 operations. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1977; 13: 605-8.
• 13 Berzon JL, Howard PE, Covell SJ. et al. A retrospective study of the efficacy of femoral head and neck excision in 94 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 1980; 9: 88-92.
• 14 Bonneau N, Breton L. Excision arthroplasty of the femoral head. Canine Pract 1981; 8: 13-25.
• 15 Slocum B, Devine T. Femoral neck lengthening for hip dysplasia in the dog. Vet Surg 1989; 18: 81.
• 16 Slocum B, Devine T. Pelvic osteotomy technique for axial rotation of the acetabular segment in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1986; 22: 331-8.
• 17 Slocum B, Devine T. Pelvic osteotomy in the dog as treatment for hip dysplasia. Semin Vet Med Surg 1987; 2: 107-16.
• 18 Slocum B, Devine Slocum T. Pelvic osteotomy for axial rotation of the acetabular segment in dogs with hip dysplasia. Vet Clin North Am (Small Anim Pract) 1992; 22: 645-82.
• 19 Braden TD, Prieur D. Three-plane intertrochanteric osteotomy for treatment of early stage hip dysplasia. Vet Clin North Am (Small Anim Pract) 1992; 22: 623-43.
• 20 Jensen DJ, Sertl GO. Sertl shelf arthroplasty (BOP procedure) in the treatment of canine hip dysplasia. Vet Clin North Am (Small Anim Pract) 1992; 22: 683-701.
• 21 Olmstead ML, Hohn RB, Turner TM. A five-year study of 221 total hip replacements in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983; 183: 191-4.
• 22 Plante J, Dupuis J, Beauregard G. et al. Long-term results of conservative treatment, excision arthroplasty and triple pelvic osteotomy for the treatment of hip dysplasia in the immature dog. Part 1: Radiographic and physical results. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 1997; 10: 101-10.
• 23 Budsberg SC, Verstraete MC, Soutas-Little RW. Force plate analysis of the walking gait in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 1987; 48: 915-8.
• 24 Jevens DJ, Hauptman JG, DeCamp CE. et al. Contribution to variance in force-plate analysis of gait in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54: 612-5.
• 25 Budsberg SC, Jevens DJ, Brown J. et al. Evaluation of limb symmetry indices, using ground reaction forces in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54: 1569-74.
• 26 Riggs CM, DeCamp CE, Soutas-little RW. et al. Effects of subject velocity on force platemeasured ground reaction forces in healthy Greyhounds at the trot. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54: 1523-6.
• 27 Rumph PF, Lander JE, Kincaid SA. et al. Ground reaction force profiles from force platform gait analyses of clinically normal mesomorphic dogs at the trot. Am J Vet Res 1994; 55: 756-61.
• 28 Mc Laughlin RM, Roush JK. Effects of subject stance time and velocity on ground reaction forces in clinically normal Greyhounds at the trot. Am J Vet Res 1994; 55: 1666-71.
• 29 Roush JK, Mc Laughlin RM. Effects of subject stance time and velocity on ground reaction forces in clinically normal Greyhounds at the walk. Am J Vet Res 1994; 55: 1672-6.
• 30 Rumph PF, Kincaird SA, Baird DK. et al. Vertical ground reaction force distribution during experimentally induced acute synovitis in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54: 365-9.
• 31 Griffon DJ, McLaughlin RM, Roush JK. Vertical ground reaction force redistribution during experimentally induced shoulder lameness in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 1994; 7: 154-7.
• 32 McLaughlin RM, Miller CW, Taves CL. et al. Force plate of triple pelvic osteotomy for the treatment of canine hip dysplasia. Vet Surg 1991; 20: 291-7.
• 33 Budsberg SC, Verstraete MC, Soutas-little RW, Flo GL. Force plate analyses before and after stabilization of canine stifles for cruciate injury. Am J Vet Res 1988; 49: 1522-4.
• 34 Dupuis J, Harari J, Papageorges M. et al. Evaluation of fibular head transposition for repair of experimental cranial cruciate ligament injury in dogs. Vet Surg 1994; 23: 1-12.
• 35 Dermot JJ, DeCamp CE, Hauptman J. et al. Use of force-plate analysis of gait to compare two surgical techniques for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57: 389-93.
• 36 Dueland R, Bartel DL, Antonson E. Force plate technique for canine gait analysis of total hip and excision arthroplasty. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1977; 13: 547-52.
• 37 Mann FA, Tanger CH, Wagner-Mann C. et al. A comparison of standard femoral head and neck excision and femoral head and neck excision using a biceps femoris muscle flap in the dog. Vet Surg 1987; 16: 223-30.