Role of Surface Glycoproteins in Human Platelet Function^[*]

Summary

Glycoproteins present at the external surface of cells probably play specific roles in cellular function. Increasing evidence suggests that the glycoproteins span the plasma membrane with the bulk of the bound carbohydrate asymmetrically distributed on the outer surface. Micellar association of glycoproteins in membranes leads to pore formation and functional roles in transport through the membrane, while surface glycoproteins have been shown to be enzymes, to determine cell specificity and contribute to the cell surface charge. The platelet plasma membrane contains 3 major glycoproteins, glycoproteins I, II and III as characterized in order of their decreasing molecular weight. Glycoprotein I appears to have the highest sialic acid content and to give rise to a platelet specific acidic macroglycopeptide on trypsin digestion. Specific glycoprotein abnormalities in the platelets of patients with Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia suggest that the glycoproteins play a role in the mechanism of platelet aggregation. A much reduced content of glycoprotein I in the platelets of 2 patients with the Bernard Soulier syndrome may be associated with their defective adhesion to subendothelium and indicates a possible relationship on the platelet surface with the von Willebrand factor protein. Preliminary evidence suggests that in common with other plasma membranes the platelet membrane has a fluid structure and that the organization of the glycoproteins on the platelet surface is extremely sensitive to stimuli and susceptible to change.

^* Presented at the Vth Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Paris, July, 1975.

• References

• 1 Balduini C, Balduini C. L, Ascari A. 1974; Membrane glycopeptides from young and old human erythrocytes. Biochemical Journal 140: 557.
• 2 Barber A. J, Jamieson G. A. 1970; Isolation and characterisation of plasma membranes from human blood platelets. Journal of Biological Chemistry 245: 6357.
• 3 Barber A. J, Jamieson G. A. 1971; Isolation of glycopeptides from low and high density platelet plasma membranes. Biochemistry 10: 4711.
• 4 Baumgartner H. R, Haudenschild C. 1972; Adhesion of platelets to subendothelium. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 201: 22.
• 5 Booyse F. M, Rafelson Jr. M. E. 1972; Regulation and mechanism of platelet aggregation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 201: 37.
• 6 Brown P. A, Feinstein M. B, Sha’afi R. I. 1975; Membrane proteins related to water transport in human erythrocytes. Nature 254: 523.
• 7 Cabantchik Z. I, Rothstein A. 1974; The nature of membrane proteins related to anion permeability of human red blood cells. I. Localisation of disulfonic stilbene binding sites in proteins involved in permeation. Journal of Membrane Biology 15: 207.
• 8 Caen J. P, Nurden A. T, Jeanneau C, Michel H, Tobelem G, Levy-Toledano S, Sultan Y, Valensi F, Bernard J. 1976 Bernard Soulier syndrome: A new platelet glycoprotein abnormality. Its relationship with platelet adhesion to subendothelium and with the Factor VIII von Willebrand protein. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. (in press).
• 9 Caen J. P, Michel H. 1972; Platelet shape change and aggregation. Nature 240: 148.
• 10 Castaldi P. A, Caen J. P. 1965; Platelet fibrinogen. Journal of Clinical Pathology 18: 579.
• 11 Davey M. G, Luscher E. F. 1967; Actions of thrombin and other coagulant and proteolytic enzymes on blood platelets. Nature 216: 857.
• 12 Edelman G. M, Yahara I, Wang J. L. 1973; Receptor mobility and receptor-cytoplasmic interactions in lymphocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A 70: 1442.
• 13 Evans W. H. 1974; Nucleotide pyrophosphatase. a sialoglycoprotein located on the hepatocyte surface Nature 250: 391.
• 14 Ganguly P. 1975; Interaction of thrombin with human platelets. British Journal of Haematology 29: 617.
• 15 Gates R. E, Phillips D. R, Morrison M. 1975; The distinguishing characteristics of the plasma membrane are its exposed proteins. Biochemical Journal 147: 373.
• 16 Gröttum K. A, Jeremic M. 1973; Neuraminidase injections in rabbits. Reduced platelet surface charge, aggregation and thrombocytopenia. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 29: 461.
• 17 Gröttum K. A, Solum N. O. 1969; Congenital thrombocytopenia with giant platelets: a defect in the platelet membrane. British Journal of Haematology 16: 211.
• 18 Hanna N, Nelken D. 1971; Detection, separation and characterisation of organ specific antigens of human thrombocytes. Immunology 20: 533.
• 19 Hughes R. C. 1973; Glycoproteins as components of cellular membranes. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 26: 189.
• 20 Howard M. A, Montgomery D. C, Hardisty R. M. 1974; Factor VIII related antigen in platelets. Thrombosis Research 4: 617.
• 21 Jamieson G. A, Fuller N. A, Barber A. J, Lombart C. 1971; Membrane glycoproteins of human blood platelets. Series Haematologica 4: 125.
• 22 Kaplan K. L, Nachman R. L. 1974; The effect of platelet membrane antibodies on aggregation and release. British Journal of Haematology 28: 551.
• 23 Lin S, Spudich J. A. 1974; Binding of cytochalasin B to a red cell membrane protein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 61: 1471.
• 24 Lombart C, Okumura T, Jamieson G. A. 1974; Isolation of a surface glycoprotein of human platelets. FEBS Letters 41: 30.
• 25 Maestracci D, Schmttz J, Preiser H, Crane R. K. 1973; Proteins and glycoproteins of the human intestinal brush border membrane. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 323: 113.
• 26 Majerus P. W, Brodie G. N. 1972; The binding of phytohemagglutinins to human platelet plasma membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 240: 4253.
• 27 Maroudas N. G. 1975; Adhesion and spreading of cells on charged surfaces. Journal of Theoretical Biology 49: 417.
• 28 Mehrishi J. N. 1971; The human blood platelets as a molecular mosaic. Thrombosis Diathesis Haemorrhagica 26: 370.
• 29 Mester L, Szabados L, Born G. V. R, Michal F. 1972; Changes in the aggregation of platelets enriched in sialic acid. Nature New Biology 236: 213.
• 30 Miale J. B, Kent J. W. 1975; Prothrombin complex proteins as cofactors in platelet aggregation. I. Inhibition of aggregation by an antiserum. Blood 45: 97.
• 31 Michel H, Caen J. P, Born G. V. R, Miller R, Angles D’Auriac G, Meyer P. 1976 Cyclic AMP in platelet aggregation. British Journal of Haematology. (in press).
• 32 Mueller T. J, Morrison M. 1974; The transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane of normal human erythrocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 249: 7568.
• 33 Nachman R. L, Ferris B. 1972; Studies on the proteins of human platelet membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 247: 4468.
• 34 Nachman R. L, Ferris B. 1974; Binding of adenosine diphosphate by isolated membranes from human platelets. Journal of Biological Chemistry 249: 704.
• 35 Nachman R. L, Hubbard A, Ferris B. 1973; Iodination of the human platelet membrane. Journal of Biological Chemistry 248: 2928.
• 36 Nurden A. T, Butcher P. D, Bredoux R, Caen J. P. 1974; Platelet shape change: Induction by trypsin and release of an acidic macroglycopeptide from washed human platelets and from those of three cases of Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia. Haemostasis 3: 212.
• 37 Nurden A. T, Caen J. P. 1974; An abnormal platelet glycoprotein pattern in three cases of Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia. British Journal of Haematology 28: 253.
• 38 Nurden A. T, Caen J. P. 1975; Specific roles for platelet surface glycoproteins in platelet function. Nature 255: 720.
• 39 Parsons D. F, Subjeck J. R. 1972; Morphology of the polysaccharide coat of mammalian cells. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 265: 85.
• 40 Pepper D. S, Jamieson G. A. 1970; Isolation of a macroglycopeptide from human platelets. Biochemistry 9: 3706.
• 41 Phillips D. R, Poh Agin P. 1974; Thrombin substrates and the proteolytic site of thrombin action on human platelet plasma membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 352: 218.
• 42 Schmukler M, Zieve P. D. 1974; The effect of concanavalin A on human platelets and their response to thrombin. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 83: 887.
• 43 Sheppard B. L, French J. E. 1971; Platelet adhesion in the rabbit abdominal aorta following the removal of the endothelium: a scanning and transmission electron microscopical study. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 176: 427.
• 44 Singer S. J. 1974; The molecular organisation of membranes. Annual Reviews in Biochemistry 43: 805.
• 45 Singer S. J, Nicolson G. L. 1972; The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science 175: 720.
• 46 Steck T. L. 1974; The organisation of proteins in the human red blood cell membrane. Journal of Cell Biology 62: 1.
• 47 Szabados L, Mester L, Michal F, Born G. V. R. 1975; Accelerated uptake of 5-Hydroxy-tryptamine by human blood platelets enriched in a sialic acid. Biochemical Journal 148: 335.
• 48 Tanner M. J. A, Boxer D. H. 1972; Separation and some properties of the major proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane. Biochemical Journal 129: 333.
• 49 Taylor R. B, Duffus W. P.H, Raff M. C, de Petris S. 1971; Redistribution and pinocytosis of lymphocyte surface immunoglobin molecules induced by anti-immunoglobin antibody. Nature New Biology 233: 225.
• 50 Tschopp T B, Weiss H. J, Baumgartner H. R. 1974; Decreased adhesion of platelets to subendothelium in von Willebrand’s disease. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 83: 296.
• 51 Tuech J. K, Morrison M. 1974; Human erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoproteins: a study of interconversion. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 59: 352.
• 52 Walsh P. N, Mills D. C. B, Pareti F. I, Stewart G. J, Macfarlane D. E, Johnson M. M, Egan J. J. 1975; Hereditary giant platelet syndrome. Absence of collagen induced coagulant activity and deficiency of Factor-XI binding to platelets. British Journal of Haematology 29: 639.
• 53 Weiss H. J, Rogers J, Brand H. 1973; Defective ristocetin induced platelet aggregation in von Willebrand’s disease and its correction by factor VIII. Journal of Clinical Investigation 52: 2697.
• 54 Weiss H. J, Tschopp T. B, Baumgartner H. R, Sussman I. I, Johnson M. M, Egan J. J. 1974; Decreased adhesion of giant (Bernard Soulier) platelets to subendothelium: further implications on the role of the von Willebrand factor in hemostasis. American Journal of Medicine 57: 920.