Management of Hepatic Trauma: An Update

Min Lang; Isaac J. Dahan; Vanessa P. Ho; Baljendra S. Kapoor

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1656530

Digestive Disease Interventions, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Digestive Disease Interventions 2018; 02(02): 159-171
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1656530

Review Article

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Management of Hepatic Trauma: An Update

Min Lang

¹School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

,

Isaac J. Dahan

²Department of Radiology Vascular and Interventional, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio

,

Vanessa P. Ho

³Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns and Emergency General Surgery, Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio

,

Baljendra S. Kapoor

⁴Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

Being the largest solid abdominal organ, the liver is the second most commonly injured organ after abdominal trauma. In this review, we discuss the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma's (AAST) liver injury grading system and World Society of Emergency Surgery's triage grading system. Furthermore, we discuss the role of imaging in hepatic trauma, as well as the indications, techniques, and roles of nonoperative and operative management.

Keywords

hepatic trauma - nonoperative management - operative management - imaging - AAST - WSES - hepatic angioembolization - hepatic injury

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Brasel KJ, DeLisle CM, Olson CJ, Borgstrom DC. Trends in the management of hepatic injury. Am J Surg 1997; 174 (06) 674-677
2 Coughlin PA, Stringer MD, Lodge JP, Pollard SG, Prasad KR, Toogood GJ. Management of blunt liver trauma in a tertiary referral centre. Br J Surg 2004; 91 (03) 317-321
3 Garant M. Sacroplasty: a new treatment for sacral insufficiency fracture. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13 (12) 1265-1267
4 Becker CD, Mentha G, Terrier F. Blunt abdominal trauma in adults: role of CT in the diagnosis and management of visceral injuries. Part 1: liver and spleen. Eur Radiol 1998; 8 (04) 553-562
5 Cothren CC, Moore EE. Hepatic trauma. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2008; 34 (04) 339-354
6 Sikhondze WL, Madiba TE, Naidoo NM, Muckart DJ. Predictors of outcome in patients requiring surgery for liver trauma. Injury 2007; 38 (01) 65-70
7 Zago TM, Pereira BM, Nascimento B, Alves MS, Calderan TR, Fraga GP. Hepatic trauma: a 21-year experience. Rev Col Bras Cir 2013; 40 (04) 318-322
8 Bender JS, Geller ER, Wilson RF. Intra-abdominal sepsis following liver trauma. J Trauma 1989; 29 (08) 1140-1144 , discussion 1144–1145
9 McInnis WD, Richardson JD, Aust JB. Hepatic trauma: pitfalls in management. Arch Surg 1977; 112 (02) 157-161
10 Moore EE, Cogbill TH, Jurkovich GJ, Shackford SR, Malangoni MA, Champion HR. Organ injury scaling: spleen and liver (1994 revision). J Trauma 1995; 38 (03) 323-324
11 Piper GL, Peitzman AB. Current management of hepatic trauma. Surg Clin North Am 2010; 90 (04) 775-785
12 Coccolini F, Catena F, Moore EE. , et al. WSES classification and guidelines for liver trauma. World J Emerg Surg 2016; 11: 50
13 Romano L, Giovine S, Guidi G, Tortora G, Cinque T, Romano S. Hepatic trauma: CT findings and considerations based on our experience in emergency diagnostic imaging. Eur J Radiol 2004; 50 (01) 59-66
14 Yoon W, Jeong YY, Kim JK. , et al. CT in blunt liver trauma. Radiographics 2005; 25 (01) 87-104
15 Coccolini F, Montori G, Catena F. , et al. Liver trauma: WSES position paper. World J Emerg Surg 2015; 10: 39
16 Karam O, Sanchez O, Wildhaber BE, La Scala GC. National survey on abdominal trauma practices of pediatric surgeons. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2010; 20 (05) 334-338
17 Dufour DR, Lott JA, Nolte FS, Gretch DR, Koff RS, Seeff LB. Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. II. Recommendations for use of laboratory tests in screening, diagnosis, and monitoring. Clin Chem 2000; 46 (12) 2050-2068
18 Tian Z, Liu H, Su X. , et al. Role of elevated liver transaminase levels in the diagnosis of liver injury after blunt abdominal trauma. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4 (02) 255-260
19 Ritchie AH, Williscroft DM. Elevated liver enzymes as a predictor of liver injury in stable blunt abdominal trauma patients: case report and systematic review of the literature. Can J Rural Med 2006; 11 (04) 283-287
20 Ward J, Alarcon L, Peitzman AB. Management of blunt liver injury: what is new?. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2015; 41 (03) 229-237
21 Pachter HL, Knudson MM, Esrig B. , et al. Status of nonoperative management of blunt hepatic injuries in 1995: a multicenter experience with 404 patients. J Trauma 1996; 40 (01) 31-38
22 Jansen JO, Yule SR, Loudon MA. Investigation of blunt abdominal trauma. BMJ 2008; 336 (7650): 938-942
23 Swan KG, Swan RC. Principles of ballistics applicable to the treatment of gunshot wounds. Surg Clin North Am 1991; 71 (02) 221-239
24 Choi CH, Pritchard J, Richard J. Path of bullet and injuries determined by radiography. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1990; 11 (03) 244-245
25 Collins KA, Lantz PE. Interpretation of fatal, multiple, and exiting gunshot wounds by trauma specialists. J Forensic Sci 1994; 39 (01) 94-99
26 Wilson AJ. Gunshot injuries: what does a radiologist need to know?. Radiographics 1999; 19 (05) 1358-1368
27 Walter KD. Radiographic evaluation of the patient with sport-related abdominal trauma. Curr Sports Med Rep 2007; 6 (02) 115-119
28 Willmann JK, Roos JE, Platz A. , et al. Multidetector CT: detection of active hemorrhage in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179 (02) 437-444
29 Soto JA, Anderson SW. Multidetector CT of blunt abdominal trauma. Radiology 2012; 265 (03) 678-693
30 Kailidou E, Pikoulis E, Katsiva V. , et al. Contrast-enhanced spiral CT evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma. JBR-BTR 2005; 88 (02) 61-65
31 Miele V, Andreoli C, De Cicco ML, Adami L, David V. Hemoretroperitoneum associated with liver bare area injuries: CT evaluation. Eur Radiol 2002; 12 (04) 765-769
32 Shanmuganathan K, Mirvis SE. CT scan evaluation of blunt hepatic trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 1998; 36 (02) 399-411
33 Poletti PA, Mirvis SE, Shanmuganathan K, Killeen KL, Coldwell D. CT criteria for management of blunt liver trauma: correlation with angiographic and surgical findings. Radiology 2000; 216 (02) 418-427
34 Richards JR, McGahan JP. Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) in 2017: what radiologists can learn. Radiology 2017; 283 (01) 30-48
35 Bloom BA, Gibbons RC. Trauma, Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST). StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL; 2018
36 Kumar S, Kumar A, Joshi MK, Rathi V. Comparison of diagnostic peritoneal lavage and focused assessment by sonography in trauma as an adjunct to primary survey in torso trauma: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2014; 20 (02) 101-106
37 Brown MA, Casola G, Sirlin CB, Patel NY, Hoyt DB. Blunt abdominal trauma: screening us in 2,693 patients. Radiology 2001; 218 (02) 352-358
38 Poletti PA, Kinkel K, Vermeulen B, Irmay F, Unger PF, Terrier F. Blunt abdominal trauma: should US be used to detect both free fluid and organ injuries?. Radiology 2003; 227 (01) 95-103
39 Rozycki GS, Ballard RB, Feliciano DV, Schmidt JA, Pennington SD. Surgeon-performed ultrasound for the assessment of truncal injuries: lessons learned from 1540 patients. Ann Surg 1998; 228 (04) 557-567
40 American College of Emergency Physicians. American College of Emergency Physicians. Use of ultrasound imaging by emergency physicians. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 38 (04) 469-470
41 Catalano O, Lobianco R, Raso MM, Siani A. Blunt hepatic trauma: evaluation with contrast-enhanced sonography: sonographic findings and clinical application. J Ultrasound Med 2005; 24 (03) 299-310
42 Zhang Z, Hong Y, Liu N, Chen Y. Diagnostic accuracy of contrast enhanced ultrasound in patients with blunt abdominal trauma presenting to the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7 (01) 4446
43 Miele V, Buffa V, Stasolla A. , et al. Contrast enhanced ultrasound with second generation contrast agent in traumatic liver lesions. Radiol Med (Torino) 2004; 108 (1–2): 82-91
44 Valentino M, De Luca C, Galloni SS. , et al. Contrast-enhanced US evaluation in patients with blunt abdominal trauma(). J Ultrasound 2010; 13 (01) 22-27
45 Stark D, Davidoff A. Liver, Pancreas, Spleen, and Kidney MRI. In: Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2007
46 Balzarotti R, Cimbanassi S, Chiara O, Zabbialini G, Smadja C. Isolated extrahepatic bile duct rupture: a rare consequence of blunt abdominal trauma. Case report and review of the literature. World J Emerg Surg 2012; 7 (01) 16
47 Hekimoglu K, Ustundag Y, Dusak A. , et al. MRCP vs. ERCP in the evaluation of biliary pathologies: review of current literature. J Dig Dis 2008; 9 (03) 162-169
48 Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E, Joseph L, Reinhold C, Barkun AN. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139 (07) 547-557
49 Hedrick TL, Sawyer RG, Young JS. MRI for the diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma: a case report. Emerg Radiol 2005; 11 (05) 309-311
50 Yamamoto F, Pu Y, Igimi H, Kojima T, Witt JL, Yamamoto S. MR imaging of traumatic hepatic laceration: evaluation and course of healing after surgery. Abdom Imaging 1993; 18 (03) 253-257
51 Ahmed N, Vernick JJ. Management of liver trauma in adults. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2011; 4 (01) 114-119
52 Malhotra AK, Fabian TC, Croce MA. , et al. Blunt hepatic injury: a paradigm shift from operative to nonoperative management in the 1990s. Ann Surg 2000; 231 (06) 804-813
53 Velmahos GC, Toutouzas K, Radin R. , et al. High success with nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma: the liver is a sturdy organ. Arch Surg 2003; 138 (05) 475-480 , discussion 480–481
54 David Richardson J, Franklin GA, Lukan JK. , et al. Evolution in the management of hepatic trauma: a 25-year perspective. Ann Surg 2000; 232 (03) 324-330
55 Coimbra R, Hoyt DB, Engelhart S, Fortlage D. Nonoperative management reduces the overall mortality of grades 3 and 4 blunt liver injuries. Int Surg 2006; 91 (05) 251-257
56 Hurtuk M, Reed II RL, Esposito TJ, Davis KA, Luchette FA. Trauma surgeons practice what they preach: The NTDB story on solid organ injury management. J Trauma 2006; 61 (02) 243-254 , discussion 254–255
57 Tinkoff G, Esposito TJ, Reed J. , et al. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scale I: spleen, liver, and kidney, validation based on the National Trauma Data Bank. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 207 (05) 646-655
58 Pryor JP, Reilly PM, Dabrowski GP, Grossman MD, Schwab CW. Nonoperative management of abdominal gunshot wounds. Ann Emerg Med 2004; 43 (03) 344-353
59 Demetriades D, Hadjizacharia P, Constantinou C. , et al. Selective nonoperative management of penetrating abdominal solid organ injuries. Ann Surg 2006; 244 (04) 620-628
60 Inaba K, Demetriades D. The nonoperative management of penetrating abdominal trauma. Adv Surg 2007; 41: 51-62
61 Shrestha B, Holcomb JB, Camp EA. , et al. Damage-control resuscitation increases successful nonoperative management rates and survival after severe blunt liver injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78 (02) 336-341
62 Gibson DE, Canfield CM, Levy PD. Selective nonoperative management of blunt abdominal trauma. J Emerg Med 2006; 31 (02) 215-221
63 Ghnnam WM, Almasry HN, Ghanem MA. Non-operative management of blunt liver trauma in a level II trauma hospital in Saudi Arabia. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2013; 3 (02) 118-123
64 Biffl WL, Kaups KL, Cothren CC. , et al. Management of patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds: a Western Trauma Association multicenter trial. J Trauma 2009; 66 (05) 1294-1301
65 Navsaria PH, Nicol AJ, Krige JE, Edu S. Selective nonoperative management of liver gunshot injuries. Ann Surg 2009; 249 (04) 653-656
66 Biffl WL, Leppaniemi A. Management guidelines for penetrating abdominal trauma. World J Surg 2015; 39 (06) 1373-1380
67 Biffl WL, Kaups KL, Pham TN. , et al. Validating the Western Trauma Association algorithm for managing patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds: a Western Trauma Association multicenter trial. J Trauma 2011; 71 (06) 1494-1502
68 Biffl WL, Moore EE. Management guidelines for penetrating abdominal trauma. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010; 16 (06) 609-617
69 Renz BM, Feliciano DV. Gunshot wounds to the liver. A prospective study of selective nonoperative management. J Med Assoc Ga 1995; 84 (06) 275-277
70 Demetriades D, Gomez H, Chahwan S. , et al. Gunshot injuries to the liver: the role of selective nonoperative management. J Am Coll Surg 1999; 188 (04) 343-348
71 Nance FC, Cohn Jr I. Surgical judgment in the management of stab wounds of the abdomen: a retrospective and prospective analysis based on a study of 600 stabbed patients. Ann Surg 1969; 170 (04) 569-580
72 DuBose J, Inaba K, Teixeira PG, Pepe A, Dunham MB, McKenney M. Selective non-operative management of solid organ injury following abdominal gunshot wounds. Injury 2007; 38 (09) 1084-1090
73 Lamb CM, Garner JP. Selective non-operative management of civilian gunshot wounds to the abdomen: a systematic review of the evidence. Injury 2014; 45 (04) 659-666
74 Omoshoro-Jones JA, Nicol AJ, Navsaria PH, Zellweger R, Krige JE, Kahn DH. Selective non-operative management of liver gunshot injuries. Br J Surg 2005; 92 (07) 890-895
75 Fabian TC, Bee TK. Liver and biliary tract. In: Mattox KL, Moore EE, Feliciano DV. , eds. Trauma. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2013: 542
76 Ciraulo DL, Nikkanen HE, Palter M. , et al. Clinical analysis of the utility of repeat computed tomographic scan before discharge in blunt hepatic injury. J Trauma 1996; 41 (05) 821-824
77 Cox JC, Fabian TC, Maish III GO. , et al. Routine follow-up imaging is unnecessary in the management of blunt hepatic injury. J Trauma 2005; 59 (05) 1175-1178 , discussion 1178–1180
78 Dulchavsky SA, Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM, Grabow D, An T. Efficacy of liver wound healing by secondary intent. J Trauma 1990; 30 (01) 44-48
79 Datta I, Ball CG, Rudmik LR. , et al. A multicenter review of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis practice patterns for blunt hepatic trauma. J Trauma Manag Outcomes 2009; 3: 7
80 Eberle BM, Schnüriger B, Inaba K. , et al. Thromboembolic prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with blunt solid abdominal organ injuries undergoing nonoperative management: current practice and outcomes. J Trauma 2011; 70 (01) 141-146 , discussion 147
81 Carrillo EH, Spain DA, Wohltmann CD. , et al. Interventional techniques are useful adjuncts in nonoperative management of hepatic injuries. J Trauma 1999; 46 (04) 619-622 , discussion 622–624
82 Misselbeck TS, Teicher EJ, Cipolle MD. , et al. Hepatic angioembolization in trauma patients: indications and complications. J Trauma 2009; 67 (04) 769-773
83 Xu H, Jie L, Kejian S. , et al. Selective angiographic embolization of blunt hepatic trauma reduces failure rate of nonoperative therapy and incidence of post-traumatic complications. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23: 5522-5533
84 Guzman EA, McCahill LE, Rogers FB. Arterioportal fistulas: introduction of a novel classification with therapeutic implications. J Gastrointest Surg 2006; 10 (04) 543-550
85 Letoublon C, Morra I, Chen Y, Monnin V, Voirin D, Arvieux C. Hepatic arterial embolization in the management of blunt hepatic trauma: indications and complications. J Trauma 2011; 70 (05) 1032-1036 , discussion 1036–1037
86 Gaarder C, Naess PA, Eken T. , et al. Liver injuries--improved results with a formal protocol including angiography. Injury 2007; 38 (09) 1075-1083
87 Green CS, Bulger EM, Kwan SW. Outcomes and complications of angioembolization for hepatic trauma: A systematic review of the literature. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 80 (03) 529-537
88 Hardy AH, Phan H, Khanna P, Nolan T, Dong P. Transcatheter treatment of liver laceration from blunt trauma. Semin Intervent Radiol 2012; 29 (03) 197-200
89 Schwartz RA, Teitelbaum GP, Katz MD, Pentecost MJ. Effectiveness of transcatheter embolization in the control of hepatic vascular injuries. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1993; 4 (03) 359-365
90 Wahl WL, Ahrns KS, Brandt MM, Franklin GA, Taheri PA. The need for early angiographic embolization in blunt liver injuries. J Trauma 2002; 52 (06) 1097-1101
91 Velmahos GC, Chahwan S, Falabella A, Hanks SE, Demetriades D. Angiographic embolization for intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal injuries. World J Surg 2000; 24 (05) 539-545
92 Mohr AM, Lavery RF, Barone A. , et al. Angiographic embolization for liver injuries: low mortality, high morbidity. J Trauma 2003; 55 (06) 1077-1081 , discussion 1081–1082
93 Tessier DJ, Fowl RJ, Stone WM. , et al. Iatrogenic hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms: an uncommon complication after hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic procedures. Ann Vasc Surg 2003; 17 (06) 663-669
94 Cogbill TH, Moore EE, Jurkovich GJ, Feliciano DV, Morris JA, Mucha P. Severe hepatic trauma: a multi-center experience with 1,335 liver injuries. J Trauma 1988; 28 (10) 1433-1438
95 Dabbs DN, Stein DM, Scalea TM. Major hepatic necrosis: a common complication after angioembolization for treatment of high-grade liver injuries. J Trauma 2009; 66 (03) 621-627 , discussion 627–629
96 Hagiwara A, Murata A, Matsuda T, Matsuda H, Shimazaki S. The efficacy and limitations of transarterial embolization for severe hepatic injury. J Trauma 2002; 52 (06) 1091-1096
97 Kong YL, Zhang HY, He XJ. , et al. Angiographic embolization in the treatment of intrahepatic arterial bleeding in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2014; 13 (02) 173-178
98 Kozar RA, Feliciano DV, Moore EE. , et al. Western Trauma Association/critical decisions in trauma: operative management of adult blunt hepatic trauma. J Trauma 2011; 71 (01) 1-5
99 Lee YH, Wu CH, Wang LJ. , et al. Predictive factors for early failure of transarterial embolization in blunt hepatic injury patients. Clin Radiol 2014; 69 (12) e505 –e511
100 Li M, Yu WK, Wang XB, Ji W, Li JS, Li N. Non-operative management of isolated liver trauma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2014; 13 (05) 545-550
101 Monnin V, Sengel C, Thony F. , et al. Place of arterial embolization in severe blunt hepatic trauma: a multidisciplinary approach. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008; 31 (05) 875-882
102 Saltzherr TP, van der Vlies CH, van Lienden KP. , et al. Improved outcomes in the non-operative management of liver injuries. HPB 2011; 13 (05) 350-355
103 Tzeng WS, Wu RH, Chang JM. , et al. Transcatheter arterial embolization for hemorrhage caused by injury of the hepatic artery. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20 (07) 1062-1068
104 Krige JE, Bornman PC, Terblanche J. Liver trauma in 446 patients. S Afr J Surg 1997; 35 (01) 10-15
105 Man K, Fan ST, Ng IO, Lo CM, Liu CL, Wong J. Prospective evaluation of Pringle maneuver in hepatectomy for liver tumors by a randomized study. Ann Surg 1997; 226 (06) 704-711 , discussion 711–713
106 Sheldon GF, Rutledge R. Hepatic trauma. Adv Surg 1989; 22: 179-193
107 Pachter HL, Spencer FC, Hofstetter SR, Liang HG, Coppa GF. Significant trends in the treatment of hepatic trauma. Experience with 411 injuries. Ann Surg 1992; 215 (05) 492-500 , discussion 500–502
108 Feliciano DV, Mattox KL, Jordan Jr GL, Burch JM, Bitondo CG, Cruse PA. Management of 1000 consecutive cases of hepatic trauma (1979-1984). Ann Surg 1986; 204 (04) 438-445
109 Stone HH, Lamb JM. Use of pedicled omentum as an autogenous pack for control of hemorrhage in major injuries of the liver. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1975; 141 (01) 92-94
110 Demetriades D. Balloon tamponade for bleeding control in penetrating liver injuries. J Trauma 1998; 44 (03) 538-539
111 Ozdogan M, Ozdogan H. Balloon tamponade with Sengstaken-Blakemore tube for penetrating liver injury: case report. J Trauma 2006; 60 (05) 1122-1123
112 Poggetti RS, Moore EE, Moore FA, Mitchell MB, Read RA. Balloon tamponade for bilobar transfixing hepatic gunshot wounds. J Trauma 1992; 33 (05) 694-697
113 Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Jamiolkowski RM, Albala DM, Shapiro ML, Lawson JH. A comprehensive review of topical hemostatic agents: efficacy and recommendations for use. Ann Surg 2010; 251 (02) 217-228
114 Polanco P, Leon S, Pineda J. , et al. Hepatic resection in the management of complex injury to the liver. J Trauma 2008; 65 (06) 1264-1269 , discussion 1269–1270
115 Strong RW, Lynch SV, Wall DR, Liu CL. Anatomic resection for severe liver trauma. Surgery 1998; 123 (03) 251-257
116 Peitzman AB, Marsh JW. Advanced operative techniques in the management of complex liver injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 73 (03) 765-770
117 Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM. Liver necrosis following hepatic artery transection due to trauma. Arch Surg 1978; 113 (09) 1107
118 Asensio JA, Demetriades D, Chahwan S. , et al. Approach to the management of complex hepatic injuries. J Trauma 2000; 48 (01) 66-69
119 Buechter KJ, Sereda D, Gomez G, Zeppa R. Retrohepatic vein injuries: experience with 20 cases. J Trauma 1989; 29 (12) 1698-1704
120 Jan WA, Samad A, Anwar R. Mortality and morbidity of abdominal inferior vena-caval injuries. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2004; 14 (10) 622-625
121 Ciresi KF, Lim Jr RC. Hepatic vein and retrohepatic vena caval injury. World J Surg 1990; 14 (04) 472-477
122 Rovito PF. Atrial caval shunting in blunt hepatic vascular injury. Ann Surg 1987; 205 (03) 318-321
123 Brown RS, Boyd DR, Matsuda T, Lowe RJ. Temporary internal vascular shunt for retrohepatic vena cava injury. J Trauma 1971; 11 (09) 736-737
124 Schrock T, Blaisdell FW, Mathewson Jr C. Management of blunt trauma to the liver and hepatic veins. Arch Surg 1968; 96 (05) 698-704
125 Burch JM, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL. The atriocaval shunt. Facts and fiction. Ann Surg 1988; 207 (05) 555-568
126 Trunkey DD. Hepatic trauma: contemporary management. Surg Clin North Am 2004; 84 (02) 437-450
127 Ringe B, Pichlmayr R, Ziegler H. , et al. Management of severe hepatic trauma by two-stage total hepatectomy and subsequent liver transplantation. Surgery 1991; 109 (06) 792-795
128 Ringe B, Pichlmayr R. Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation: a life-saving procedure in patients with severe hepatic trauma. Br J Surg 1995; 82 (06) 837-839
129 Veroux M, Cillo U, Brolese A. , et al. Blunt liver injury: from non-operative management to liver transplantation. Injury 2003; 34 (03) 181-186
130 Esquivel CO, Bernardos A, Makowka L, Iwatsuki S, Gordon RD, Starzl TE. Liver replacement after massive hepatic trauma. J Trauma 1987; 27 (07) 800-802
131 Chiumello D, Gatti S, Caspani L, Savioli M, Fassati R, Gattinoni L. A blunt complex abdominal trauma: total hepatectomy and liver transplantation. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28 (01) 89-91
132 Delis SG, Bakoyiannis A, Selvaggi G, Weppler D, Levi D, Tzakis AG. Liver transplantation for severe hepatic trauma: experience from a single center. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15 (13) 1641-1644