Morphological and Functional Aspects of Cellular Hemostatic Mechanisms

Summary

Transmission, scanning and low-voltage, high resolution scanning electron microscopy have provided fundamental knowledge of relationships between plate-let structure and function. In combination with ultrastructural cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry, basic aspects of shape change, pseudopod extension, internal transformation, secretion, adhesion, aggregation, spreading, hemostatic plug formation and thrombus development have been defined. The morphological events of the platelet reaction in hemostasis have been linked to biochemical alterations. The result is a comprehensive picture of cellular aspects of hemosta-sis. This knowledge provides a basis for designing programs of treatment for heart attacks, strokes and other occlusive vascular disorders, as well as for their prevention.

Keywords

Adhesion - contraction - secretion - receptors - actin - myosin

• REFERENCES

• 1 Albrecht RM, Goodman SL, Simmons SR. Distribution and movement of membrane-associated platelet glycoproteins: use of colloidal gold with correlative video-enhanced light microscopy, low-voltage, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and high-voltage transmission electron microscopy. Am J Anat 1989; 185: 149-64
• 2 Beckerle MC, Miller DE, Bertagnolli ME, Locke SJ. Activation-dependent redistribution of the adhesion plaque protein talin in intact human platelets. J Cell Biol 1989; 109: 3333-46
• 3 Behnke O. Further studies on microtubules. A marginal bundle in human and rat thrombocytes. J Ultrastruct Res 1965; 13: 469-77
• 4 Bizzozero J. Ueber einen neuen Formbestandteil des Blutes und dessen Rolle bei der Thrombose und der Blutgerinnung. Arch Path Anat Physiol 1882; 90: 261-332
• 5 Clay RS, Court TH. The History of the Microscope. London: Charles Griffin & Co.; 1932: 20-436
• 6 Clemetson KJ. Glycoproteins of the platelet plasma membrane. In: Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins. George JN, Nurden AT, Phillips DR. (eds). New York: Plenum Press; 1985: 51-85
• 7 Donné A. De l'origine des globules du sang, de leur mode de formation et de leur fin. C R Seances Acad Sci 1842; 14: 366-8
• 8 Fox JEB. Linkage of a membrane skeleton to integral membrane gylcoproteins in human platelets. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 1673-83
• 9 Fox JEB. The platelet cytoskeleton. In: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. . Vestrate M, Vermylen J, Lijnen R, Arnout J. (eds). Belgium: Leuven University Press; 1987: 175-225
• 10 Hewson W.. Experimental Inquiries: Part 1. Containing an Inquiry into the Properties of the Blood. London: J Johnson; 1774
• 11 Kaplan KL, Broekman MJ, Chernaff A. et al. Platelet α granule proteins: Studies on release and subcellular localization. Blood 1979; 53: 604-18
• 12 Kovasovics T, Hartwig J. Thrombin-induced GPIb-IX centralization on the platelet surface requires actin assembly and myosin II activation. Blood 1996; 87: 618-29
• 13 Kunicki TJ. Platelet glycoprotein antigens and immune receptors. In: Platelet Membrane Receptors: Molecular Biology, Immunology, Biochemistry and Pathology. . Jamie-son GA. (ed). Prog Clin Biol Res 1988; 283: 87-123
• 14 Leeuwenhoek A van. Microscopical observations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 1674; 121-8
• 15 Luscher EF, Weber S. The formation of the hemostatic plug: a special case of platelet aggregation. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70: 234-7
• 16 Nurden AT. Human platelet membrane glycoproteins: In: Haemostasis and Thrombosis. Bloom AL, Forves CD, Thomas DP, Tuddenham EGD. (eds) London: Churchill-Livingstone; 1994: 115-21
• 17 O'Halloran T, Beckerle MC, Burridge K. Identification of talin as a major cytoplasmic protein implicated in platelet activation. Nature 1985; 317: 449-51
• 18 Rao GHR, Gerrard JM, Cohen I, Witkop Jr CJ , White JG. Origin and role of calcium in platelet activation-contraction-secretion coupling. In: Cell Calcium Metabolism. . Fiskum G. (ed). Plenum Publishing Corp 1989; 411-25
• 19 Roth GJ. Developing relationships: Arterial platelet adhesion, glycoprotein Ib, and leu-cine-rich glycoproteins. Blood 1991; 77: 5-19
• 20 Saelman EUM, Nieuwenhuis HK, Hese KM, deGroot PG, Heijnen HFG, Sage EH. et al Platelet adhesion to collagen types I through VIII under conditions of stasis and flow is mediated by GPIa/IIa (α2β1integrin). Blood 1994; 83: 1244-50
• 21 Schulz H. Thrombocyten und Thrombose im Electronenmikroskopischen Bild. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1968: 1-125
• 22 Sharp AA. Platelet (viscous) metamorphosis. In: Blood Platelets. . Johnson SA, Monto RW, Rebnick JW, Horn RC. (eds). Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1961; 67-88
• 23 Sixma JJ, Wester J. The haemostatic plug. Sem Hematol 1977; 14: 265-99
• 24 Sixma JJ, van Zanten GH, Banga JD, Nieuwenhuis HK, DeGroot PG. Platelet adhesion. Sem Hematol 1995; 32: 1-6
• 25 Statland B, Heagan B, White JG. Uptake of calcium by platelet relaxing factor. Nature 1969; 223: 521-2
• 26 Tocantins LM. The mammalian blood platelet in health and disease. Medicine 1938; 17: 155-260
• 27 White JG. Combined nephelometric and electron microscopic study of the platelet release reaction. In: Platelet Adhesion and Aggregation in Thrombosis: Countermeas-ures. Mammen EF, Anderson GH, Barnhart MI. (eds). New York: Schattauer,; 1970. 73-91 Thromb et Diath Haemorrh 42 73-91
• 28 White JG. Platelet morphology. In: The Circulating Platelet. Johnson SE. (ed). New York: Academic Press; 1971: 45-121
• 29 White JG. The ultrastructural cytochemistry and physiology of blood platelets. In: The Platelet. Mostafi FK, Brinkhous KM. (eds). Baltimore: William and Wilkins, 1971; 873-915
• 30 White JG. Arrangements of actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of human platelets. Am J Pathol 1984; 117: 207-17
• 31 White JG. Platelet structural physiology: The ultrastructure of adhesion, secretion and aggregation in arterial thrombosis. In: Thrombosis and Platelets in Myocardial Ischemia. Cardiovascular Clinics 1987; 18: 13-33
• 32 White JG. An overview of platelet structural physiology. Scan Micros 1988; 1: 1677-700
• 33 White JG. Functional significance of mobile receptors on blood platelets. Arterioscl Thromb 1993; 13: 1236-43
• 34 White JG, Escolar G. Current concepts of platelet membrane response to surface activation. Platelets 1993; 4: 175-89
• 35 White JG, Gerrard JM. The cell biology of platelets. In: Handbook of Inflammation (The Cell of Inflammation). . Weissman G. (ed). New York: Elsevier/North-Holland; 1980: 83-143
• 36 Wolpers C, Ruska H. Strukturuntersuchungen zur Blutgerinnung. Klin Wschr 1939; 23: 1077-81 1111-7