Drug Trials That Have Influenced Our Practice in the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism

• References

• 1 Best CH. Preparation of heparin and its use in the first clinical cases. Circulation 1959; 19: 79-86
• 2 Wright IS. Experience with anticoagulants. Circulation 1959; 19: 110-113
• 3 Jorpes JE. Heparin: A mucopolysaccharide and an active antithrombotic drug. Circulation 1959; 19: 87-91
• 4 Mueller RL, Scheidt S. History of drugs for thrombotic disease Discovery, development, and directions for the future. Circulation 1994; 89: 432-449
• 5 Kakkar VV, Corrigan TP, Fossard DP. Prevention of fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism by low doses of heparin. An international multicentre trial. Lancet 1975; 02: 45-51
• 6 Barritt DW, Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: a controlled trial. Lancet 1960; 01: 1309-1312
• 7 Hull R, Delmore T, Genton E. et al. Warfarin sodium versus low-dose heparin in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 855-858
• 8 Lagerstedt Cl, Olsson CG, Fagher BO, Oqvist BW, Albrechtsson U. Need for long-term anticoagulant treatment in symptomatic calf-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1985; 515-518
• 9 Brandjes DPM, Heijboer H, Buller HR, de Rijk M, Jagt H, ten Cate JW. Acenocoumarol and heparin compared with aceno-coumarol alone in the initial treatment of proximalvein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1485-1489
• 10 Kakkar VV, Howe CT, Flanc C, Clarke MB. Natural history of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1969; 02: 230-232
• 11 Maynard MJ, Sculco TP, Ghelman B. Progression and regression of deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Related Res 1991; 273: 125-130
• 12 Kearon C, Hirsh J. Starting prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism postoperatively. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 366-372
• 13 Sevitt S, Gallagher NG. Prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in injured patients. Lancet 1959; 02: 981-989
• 14 Gallus AS, Hirsh J, Tuttle RJ. et al. Small subcutaneous doses of heparin in prevention of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1973; 288: 545-551
• 15 Leyvraz PF, Richard J, Bachmann F. Adjusted versus fixed dose subcutaneous heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 954-958
• 16 Wille-Jorgensen P, Thorup J, Fischer A, Holst-Christensen J, Flamsholt R. Heparin with and without graded compression stockings in the prevention of thromboembolic complications of major abdominal surgery: a randomized trial. Br J Surg 1985; 72: 579-581
• 17 Tomgren S. Low dose heparin and compression stockings in the prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis. Br J Surg 1980; 67: 482-484
• 18 Ramos R, Salem BI, De Pawlikowski MP, Coordes C, Eisenberg S, Leidenfrost R. The efficacy of pneumatic compression stockings in the prevention of pulmonary embolism after cardiac surgery. Chest 1996; 109: 82-85
• 19 Hirsh J, Levine MN. Review: Low molecular weight heparin. Blood 1992; 79 (01) 01-17
• 20 Nurmohamed MT, Rosendaal FR, Buller HR. et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus standard heparin in general and orthopaedic surgery: a meta-analysis. Lancet 1992; 340: 152-156
• 21 Leizorovicz A, Haugh MC, Chapuis F-R, Samama MM, Boissel JP. Low molecular weight heparin in prevention of perioperative thrombosis. Br Med J 1992; 305: 913-920
• 22 Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, Murtaugh PA, Harrison JM. Prophylactic agents for venous thrombosis in elective hip surgery. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 2221-2228
• 23 Imperiale TF, Speroff T. A meta-analysis of methods to prevent venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement. JAMA 1994; 271 (22) 1780-1785
• 24 Anderson DR, O’Brien BJ, Levine MN, Roberts R, Wells PS, Hirsh J. Efficacy and cost of low-molecular-weight heparin compared with standard heparin for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 1105-1112
• 25 Geerts WH, Jay RM, Code KI. et al. A comparison of low-dose heparin with low-molecular-weight heparin as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after major trauma. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 701-707
• 26 Ginsberg JS, Nurmohamed MT, Gent M. et al. Use of hirulog in the prevention of venous thrombosis after major hip or knee surgery. Circulation 1994; 90: 2385-2389
• 27 Eriksson BI, Ekman S, Kälebo P, Zachrisson B, Bach D, Close P. Prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement: Direct thrombin inhibition with recombinant hirudin, CGP 39393. Lancet 1996; 347: 635-639
• 28 Gardlund B. Randomised, controlled trial of low-dose heparin for prevention of fetal pulmonary embolism in patients with infectious diseases. Lancet 1996; 347: 1357-1361
• 29 Urokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial. Urokinase pulmonary embolism trial: phase I results. JAMA 1970; 214: 2163-2172
• 30 Chiu HM, Hirsh J, Yung WL, Regoeczi E, Gent M. Relationship between the anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects of heparin in experimental venous thrombosis. Blood 1977; 49 (02) 171-184
• 31 Basu D, Gallus AS, Hirsh J, Cade J. A prospective study of the value of monitoring heparin treatment with the activated partial thromboplastin time. N Engl J Med 1972; 287 (07) 324-327
• 32 Salzman EW, Deykin D, Mayer ShapiroR, Rosenberg R. Management of heparin therapy controlled prospective trial. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 1046-1050
• 33 Raschke RA, Reilly BM, Guidry JR, Fontana JR, Srinivas S. The weight-based heparin dosing nomogram compared with a “standard care” nomogram. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 874-881
• 34 Cruickshank MK, Levine MN, Hirsh J, Roberts RS, Siguenza M. A standard heparin nomogram for the management of heparin therapy. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 333-337
• 35 Gallus AS, Jackaman J, Tillett J, Mills W, Sycherley A. Safety and efficacy of warfarin started early after submassive venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1986; 02: 1293-1296
• 36 Hull RD, Raskob GE, Rosenbloom D. et al. Heparin for 5 days as compared with 10 days in the initial treatment of proximal venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1260-1264
• 37 Hull RD, Raskob GE, Hirsh J. et al. Continuous intravenous heparin compared with intermittent subcutaneous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1986; 18 (315) 1109-1114
• 38 Hull R, Hirsh J, Jay R. et al. Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1676-1681
• 39 Hirsh J, Poller L. The international normalized ratio: A guide to understanding and correcting its problems. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 282-828
• 40 Bussey HI, Force RW, Bianco TM, Leonard AD. Reliance on prothromin time ratios causes significant errors in anticoagulation therapy. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 278-282
• 41 Hirsh J. Oral anticoagulant drugs. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1865-1875
• 42 O’Sullivan EF. Duration of anticoagulant therapy in venous thromboembolism. Med J Aust 1972; 02: 1104-1107
• 43 Holmgren KAJ, Andersson G, Fagrell B. et al. One-month versis six-month therapy with oral anticoagulants after symptomatic deep vein thrombosis. Acta Med Scand 1985; 218: 279-284
• 44 Fennerty AG, Dolben J, Thomas P. et al. A comparison of 3 and 6 weeks’ anticoagulation in the treatment of venous thromboembolism. Clin Lab Haematol 1987; 09: 17-21
• 45 Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Optimum duration of anticoagulation for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1992; 340: 873-876
• 46 Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M. et al. Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Hemost 1995; 74: 606-611
• 47 Schulman S, Rhedin A-S, Lindmarker P. et al. A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1661-1665
• 47_a Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmstrom M. et al. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 393-398
• 48 Leizorovicz A, Simonneau G, Decousus H, Boissel JP. Comparison of efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in initial treatment of deep venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. Br Med J 1994; 309: 299-304
• 49 Lensing AWA, Prins MH, Davidson BL, Hirsh J. Treatment of deep venous thrombosis with low-molecular-weight heparins. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 601-607
• 50 Siragusa S, Cosmi B, Piovella F, Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS. Low-molecular-weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in the treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism: Results of a meta-analysis. Am J Med 1996; 100: 269-277
• 51 Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Buller HR. et al. Comparison of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin with intravenous standard heparin in proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1992; 339 (8791) 441-445
• 52 Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF. et al. Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 975-982
• 53 Levine M, Gent M, Hirsh J. et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 677-681
• 54 Koopman MMW, Prandoni P, Piovella F. et al. Treatment of venous thrombosis with intravenous unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital as compared with subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin administered at home. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 682-687
• 55 De Valk HW, Banga JD, Wester JWJ. et al. Comparing subcutaneous danaparoid with intravenous unfractionated heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 01-09
• 56 Magnani HN. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): an overview of 230 patients treated with orgaran (Org 10172). Thromb Hemost 1993; 70: 554-561
• 57 Ramakrishna R, Manoharan A, Kwan YL, Kyle PW. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Cross-reactivity between standard heparin, low molecular weight heparin, dalteparin (Fragmin) and heparinoid, danaparoid (Orgaran). Br J Haematol 1995; 91: 736-738
• 58 Weitz JI, Califf RM, Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J, Th’roux P. New antithrombotics. Chest 1995; 108 Suppl. 471S-485S
• 59 McLean J. The thromboplastic action of cephalin. Am J Physiol 1976; 41: 250-257
• 60 Link KP. The discovery of dicoumarol and its sequels. Circulation 1959; 19: 097-107