Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Evolving Controversies and Uncertainties

Davide Carino; Timur P. Sarac; Bulat A. Ziganshin; John A. Elefteriades

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657771

International Journal of Angiology, Table of Contents

Int J Angiol 2018; 27(02): 058-080
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1657771

Review Article

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Evolving Controversies and Uncertainties

Davide Carino

¹Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

,

Timur P. Sarac

²Section of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

,

Bulat A. Ziganshin

¹Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

³Department of Surgical Diseases # 2, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia

,

John A. Elefteriades

¹Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a permanent dilatation of the abdominal aorta that exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs arise in the portion of abdominal aorta distal to the renal arteries and are defined as infrarenal. Most AAAs are totally asymptomatic until catastrophic rupture. The strongest predictor of AAA rupture is the diameter. Surgery is indicated to prevent rupture when the risk of rupture exceeds the risk of surgery. In this review, we aim to analyze this disease comprehensively, starting from an epidemiological perspective, exploring etiology and pathophysiology, and concluding with surgical controversies. We will pursue these goals by addressing eight specific questions regarding AAA: (1) Is the incidence of AAA increasing? (2) Are ultrasound screening programs for AAA effective? (3) What causes AAA: Genes versus environment? (4) Animal models: Are they really relevant? (5) What pathophysiology leads to AAA? (6) Indications for AAA surgery: Are surgeons over-eager to operate? (7) Elective AAA repair: Open or endovascular? (8) Emergency AAA repair: Open or endovascular?

Keywords

abdominal aortic aneurysm - AAA - risk factors - animal models - indication for AAA surgery - rupture AAA - endovascular aortic repair

Full Text

References

References
1 van Beek SC, Conijn AP, Koelemay MJ, Balm R. Editor's choice - endovascular aneurysm repair versus open repair for patients with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: a systematic review and meta-analysis of short-term survival. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 47 (06) 593-602
2 Sakalihasan N, Limet R, Defawe OD. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Lancet 2005; 365 (9470): 1577-1589
3 Elefteriades JA, Rizzo JA. Epidemiology: incidence, prevalence, trends. In: Elefteriades JA. , ed. Acute Aortic Disease. NY: Informa Healthcare USA; 2007: 89-97
4 Ingoldby CJ, Wujanto R, Mitchell JE. Impact of vascular surgery on community mortality from ruptured aortic aneurysms. Br J Surg 1986; 73 (07) 551-553
5 Johansson G, Swedenborg J. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: a study of incidence and mortality. Br J Surg 1986; 73 (02) 101-103
6 Scott RA, Ashton HA, Kay DN. Abdominal aortic aneurysm in 4237 screened patients: prevalence, development and management over 6 years. Br J Surg 1991; 78 (09) 1122-1125
7 Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE. , et al; Aneurysm Detection and Management (ADAM) Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. Prevalence and associations of abdominal aortic aneurysm detected through screening. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126 (06) 441-449
8 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142 (03) 198-202
9 NHS. Abdominal aortic aneurysm screening: programme overview
10 Goverment S. NHS Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Screening Programme. Ann Rep; 2008
11 ASSESSMENT SAFHT. Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
12 LeFevre ML. ; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2014; 161 (04) 281-290
13 Ashton HA, Buxton MJ, Day NE. , et al; Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study Group. The Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) into the effect of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening on mortality in men: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360 (9345): 1531-1539
14 Stather PW, Sidloff DA, Rhema IA, Choke E, Bown MJ, Sayers RD. A review of current reporting of abdominal aortic aneurysm mortality and prevalence in the literature. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 47 (03) 240-242
15 Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE. , et al; Aneurysm Detection and Management Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Investigators. The aneurysm detection and management study screening program: validation cohort and final results. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (10) 1425-1430
16 Darwood R, Earnshaw JJ, Turton G. , et al. Twenty-year review of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening in men in the county of Gloucestershire, United Kingdom. J Vasc Surg 2012; 56 (01) 8-13
17 Darwood RJ, Brooks MJ. The impact of decreasing abdominal aortic aneurysm prevalence on a local aneurysm screening programme. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012; 44 (01) 45-50
18 Svensjö S, Björck M, Gürtelschmid M, Djavani Gidlund K, Hellberg A, Wanhainen A. Low prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm among 65-year-old Swedish men indicates a change in the epidemiology of the disease. Circulation 2011; 124 (10) 1118-1123
19 Benson RA, Poole R, Murray S, Moxey P, Loftus IM. Screening results from a large United Kingdom abdominal aortic aneurysm screening center in the context of optimizing United Kingdom National Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Programme protocols. J Vasc Surg 2016; 63 (02) 301-304
20 Grøndal N, Søgaard R, Lindholt JS. Baseline prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral arterial disease and hypertension in men aged 65-74 years from a population screening study (VIVA trial). Br J Surg 2015; 102 (08) 902-906
21 Wanhainen A, Hultgren R, Linné A. , et al; Swedish Aneurysm Screening Study Group (SASS). Outcome of the Swedish Nationwide abdominal aortic aneurysm screening program. Circulation 2016; 134 (16) 1141-1148
22 Norman PE, Spilsbury K, Semmens JB. Falling rates of hospitalization and mortality from abdominal aortic aneurysms in Australia. J Vasc Surg 2011; 53 (02) 274-277
23 Sandiford P, Mosquera D, Bramley D. Trends in incidence and mortality from abdominal aortic aneurysm in New Zealand. Br J Surg 2011; 98 (05) 645-651
24 Choke E, Vijaynagar B, Thompson J, Nasim A, Bown MJ, Sayers RD. Changing epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms in England and Wales: older and more benign?. Circulation 2012; 125 (13) 1617-1625
25 Nordon IM, Hinchliffe RJ, Loftus IM, Thompson MM. Pathophysiology and epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Nat Rev Cardiol 2011; 8 (02) 92-102
26 Svensjö S, Björck M, Wanhainen A. Current prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in 70-year-old women. Br J Surg 2013; 100 (03) 367-372
27 Vardulaki KA, Walker NM, Day NE, Duffy SW, Ashton HA, Scott RA. Quantifying the risks of hypertension, age, sex and smoking in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 2000; 87 (02) 195-200
28 Lo RC, Schermerhorn ML. Abdominal aortic aneurysms in women. J Vasc Surg 2016; 63 (03) 839-844
29 Ailawadi G, Eliason JL, Roelofs KJ. , et al. Gender differences in experimental aortic aneurysm formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24 (11) 2116-2122
30 Cho BS, Woodrum DT, Roelofs KJ, Stanley JC, Henke PK, Upchurch Jr GR. Differential regulation of aortic growth in male and female rodents is associated with AAA development. J Surg Res 2009; 155 (02) 330-338
31 Wu X-F, Zhang J, Paskauskas S, Xin S-J, Duan Z-Q. The role of estrogen in the formation of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Surg 2009; 197 (01) 49-54
32 Norman PE, Powell JT. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: the prognosis in women is worse than in men. Circulation 2007; 115 (22) 2865-2869
33 Sweeting MJ, Thompson SG, Brown LC, Powell JT. ; RESCAN collaborators. Meta-analysis of individual patient data to examine factors affecting growth and rupture of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Surg 2012; 99 (05) 655-665
34 Fillinger MF, Marra SP, Raghavan ML, Kennedy FE. Prediction of rupture risk in abdominal aortic aneurysm during observation: wall stress versus diameter. J Vasc Surg 2003; 37 (04) 724-732
35 Dueck AD, Johnston KW, Alter D, Laupacis A, Kucey DS. Predictors of repair and effect of gender on treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2004; 39 (04) 784-787
36 Egorova NN, Vouyouka AG, McKinsey JF. , et al. Effect of gender on long-term survival after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair based on results from the Medicare national database. J Vasc Surg 2011; 54 (01) 1-12.e6 , discussion 11–12
37 Forsdahl SH, Singh K, Solberg S, Jacobsen BK. Risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms: a 7-year prospective study: the Tromsø Study, 1994-2001. Circulation 2009; 119 (16) 2202-2208
38 Lederle FA, Nelson DB, Joseph AM. Smokers' relative risk for aortic aneurysm compared with other smoking-related diseases: a systematic review. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38 (02) 329-334
39 Hammond EC, Horn D. Smoking and death rates: report on forty-four months of follow-up of 187,783 men. 2. Death rates by cause. J Am Med Assoc 1958; 166 (11) 1294-1308
40 Kent KC, Zwolak RM, Egorova NN. , et al. Analysis of risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm in a cohort of more than 3 million individuals. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52 (03) 539-548
41 Zhang Y, Ramos KS. The development of abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice is enhanced by benzo(a)pyrene. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008; 4 (05) 1095-1102
42 Jin J, Arif B, Garcia-Fernandez F. , et al. Novel mechanism of aortic aneurysm development in mice associated with smoking and leukocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32 (12) 2901-2909
43 Wang S, Zhang C, Zhang M. , et al. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase α2 by nicotine instigates formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice in vivo. Nat Med 2012; 18 (06) 902-910
44 Raveendran M, Senthil D, Utama B. , et al. Cigarette suppresses the expression of P4Halpha and vascular collagen production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323 (02) 592-598
45 Lederle FA. The rise and fall of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Circulation 2011; 124 (10) 1097-1099
46 Wanhainen A, Bergqvist D, Boman K, Nilsson TK, Rutegård J, Björck M. Risk factors associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm: a population-based study with historical and current data. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41 (03) 390-396
47 Mortality results for randomised controlled trial of early elective surgery or ultrasonographic surveillance for small abdominal aortic aneurysms. The UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Lancet 1998; 352 (9141): 1649-1655
48 The U.K. Small Aneurysm Trial: design, methods and progress. The UK Small Aneurysm Trial participants. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1995; 9 (01) 42-48
49 Brown LC, Powell JT. Risk factors for aneurysm rupture in patients kept under ultrasound surveillance. UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Ann Surg 1999; 230 (03) 289-296 , discussion 296–297
50 Le MT, Jamrozik K, Davis TM, Norman PE. Negative association between infra-renal aortic diameter and glycaemia: the Health in Men Study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33 (05) 599-604
51 Golledge J, Clancy P, Jamrozik K, Norman PE. Obesity, adipokines, and abdominal aortic aneurysm: health in Men study. Circulation 2007; 116 (20) 2275-2279
52 Iribarren C, Darbinian JA, Go AS, Fireman BH, Lee CD, Grey DP. Traditional and novel risk factors for clinically diagnosed abdominal aortic aneurysm: the Kaiser multiphasic health checkup cohort study. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17 (09) 669-678
53 Stackelberg O, Björck M, Sadr-Azodi O, Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Obesity and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 2013; 100 (03) 360-366
54 Sidloff D, Stather P, Dattani N. , et al. Aneurysm global epidemiology study: public health measures can further reduce abdominal aortic aneurysm mortality. Circulation 2014; 129 (07) 747-753
55 Lederle FA. The strange relationship between diabetes and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012; 43 (03) 254-256
56 LaMorte WW, Scott TE, Menzoian JO. Racial differences in the incidence of femoral bypass and abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy in Massachusetts: relationship to cardiovascular risk factors. J Vasc Surg 1995; 21 (03) 422-431
57 Shah AD, Langenberg C, Rapsomaniki E. , et al. Type 2 diabetes and incidence of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1·9 million people. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3 (02) 105-113
58 Xiong J, Wu Z, Chen C, Wei Y, Guo W. Association between diabetes and prevalence and growth rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221: 484-495
59 Takagi H. ; Takuya Umemoto for the ALICE (All-Literature Investigation of Cardiovascular Evidence) Group. Association of diabetes mellitus with presence, expansion, and rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm: “Curiouser and curiouser!” cried ALICE. Semin Vasc Surg 2016; 29 (1-2): 18-26
60 Astrand H, Rydén-Ahlgren A, Sundkvist G, Sandgren T, Länne T. Reduced aortic wall stress in diabetes mellitus. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33 (05) 592-598
61 Vorp DA. Biomechanics of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Biomech 2007; 40 (09) 1887-1902
62 Shantikumar S, Ajjan R, Porter KE, Scott DJ. Diabetes and the abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 39 (02) 200-207
63 Norman PE, Davis TME, Le MTQ, Golledge J. Matrix biology of abdominal aortic aneurysms in diabetes: mechanisms underlying the negative association. Connect Tissue Res 2007; 48 (03) 125-131
64 Golledge J, Karan M, Moran CS. , et al. Reduced expansion rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients with diabetes may be related to aberrant monocyte-matrix interactions. Eur Heart J 2008; 29 (05) 665-672
65 Sakata N, Meng J, Takebayashi S. Effects of advanced glycation end products on the proliferation and fibronectin production of smooth muscle cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2000; 7 (03) 169-176
66 Dua MM, Miyama N, Azuma J. , et al. Hyperglycemia modulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and aortic diameter in experimental aortic aneurysm disease. Surgery 2010; 148 (02) 429-435
67 Toghill BJ, Saratzis A, Harrison SC, Verissimo AR, Mallon EB, Bown MJ. The potential role of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241 (01) 121-129
68 Larsson E, Granath F, Swedenborg J, Hultgren R. A population-based case-control study of the familial risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2009; 49 (01) 47-50 , discussion 51
69 Joergensen TMM, Houlind K, Green A, Lindholt JS. Abdominal aortic diameter is increased in males with a family history of abdominal aortic aneurysms: results from the Danish VIVA-trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 48 (06) 669-675
70 Linné A, Lindström D, Hultgren R. High prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in brothers and sisters of patients despite a low prevalence in the population. J Vasc Surg 2012; 56 (02) 305-310
71 Clifton MA. Familial abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Surg 1977; 64 (11) 765-766
72 Tilson MD, Seashore MR. Fifty families with abdominal aortic aneurysms in two or more first-order relatives. Am J Surg 1984; 147 (04) 551-553
73 Kuivaniemi H, Platsoucas CD, Tilson III MD. Aortic aneurysms: an immune disease with a strong genetic component. Circulation 2008; 117 (02) 242-252
74 Johnston KW, Scobie TK. Multicenter prospective study of nonruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. I. Population and operative management. J Vasc Surg 1988; 7 (01) 69-81
75 Johansen K, Koepsell T. Familial tendency for abdominal aortic aneurysms. JAMA 1986; 256 (14) 1934-1936
76 Powell JT, Greenhalgh RM. Multifactorial inheritance of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Surg 1987; 1 (01) 29-31
77 Kuivaniemi H, Kyo Y, Lenk G, Tromp G. Genome-wide approach to finding abdominal aortic aneurysm susceptibility genes in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1085: 270-281
78 Jaakkola P, Kuivaniemi H, Partanen K, Tromp G, Liljeström B, Ryynänen M. Familial abdominal aortic aneurysms: screening of 71 families. Eur J Surg 1996; 162 (08) 611-617
79 Baird PA, Sadovnick AD, Yee IM, Cole CW, Cole L. Sibling risks of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Lancet 1995; 346 (8975): 601-604
80 Bengtsson H, Norrgård O, Angquist KA, Ekberg O, Oberg L, Bergqvist D. Ultrasonographic screening of the abdominal aorta among siblings of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Surg 1989; 76 (06) 589-591
81 Darling III RC, Brewster DC, Darling RC. , et al. Are familial abdominal aortic aneurysms different?. J Vasc Surg 1989; 10 (01) 39-43
82 Limet R. Familial risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm and its consequences for organization of selective detection [in French]. J Mal Vasc 1995; 20 (04) 285-287
83 Verloes A, Sakalihasan N, Koulischer L, Limet R. Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta: familial and genetic aspects in three hundred thirteen pedigrees. J Vasc Surg 1995; 21 (04) 646-655
84 Wahlgren CM, Larsson E, Magnusson PK, Hultgren R, Swedenborg J. Genetic and environmental contributions to abdominal aortic aneurysm development in a twin population. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51 (01) 3-7 , discussion 7
85 Majumder PP, St Jean PL, Ferrell RE, Webster MW, Steed DL. On the inheritance of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Hum Genet 1991; 48 (01) 164-170
86 Kuivaniemi H, Shibamura H, Arthur C. , et al. Familial abdominal aortic aneurysms: collection of 233 multiplex families. J Vasc Surg 2003; 37 (02) 340-345
87 Ziganshin BA, Bailey AE, Coons C. , et al. Routine genetic testing for thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection in a clinical setting. Ann Thorac Surg 2015; 100 (05) 1604-1611
88 Isselbacher EM, Lino Cardenas CL, Lindsay ME. Hereditary influence in thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection. Circulation 2016; 133 (24) 2516-2528
89 Bradley DT, Badger SA, McFarland M, Hughes AE. Abdominal aortic aneurysm genetic associations: mostly false? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2016; 51 (01) 64-75
90 Golledge J, Muller J, Daugherty A, Norman P. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: pathogenesis and implications for management. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26 (12) 2605-2613
91 Armstrong PJ, Johanning JM, Calton Jr WC. , et al. Differential gene expression in human abdominal aorta: aneurysmal versus occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35 (02) 346-355
92 Jones GT, Phillips VL, Harris EL, Rossaak JI, van Rij AM. Functional matrix metalloproteinase-9 polymorphism (C-1562T) associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38 (06) 1363-1367
93 Ogata T, Shibamura H, Tromp G. , et al. Genetic analysis of polymorphisms in biologically relevant candidate genes in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41: 1036-1042
94 Rasmussen TE, Hallett Jr JW, Schulte S, Harmsen WS, O'Fallon WM, Weyand CM. Genetic similarity in inflammatory and degenerative abdominal aortic aneurysms: a study of human leukocyte antigen class II disease risk genes. J Vasc Surg 2001; 34 (01) 84-89
95 Tromp G, Kuivaniemi H. Developments in genomics to improve understanding, diagnosis and management of aneurysms and peripheral artery disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009; 38 (06) 676-682
96 Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Magnusson KP. , et al. The same sequence variant on 9p21 associates with myocardial infarction, abdominal aortic aneurysm and intracranial aneurysm. Nat Genet 2008; 40 (02) 217-224
97 Leeper NJ, Raiesdana A, Kojima Y. , et al. Loss of CDKN2B promotes p53-dependent smooth muscle cell apoptosis and aneurysm formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33 (01) e1-e10
98 Gretarsdottir S, Baas AF, Thorleifsson G. , et al. Genome-wide association study identifies a sequence variant within the DAB2IP gene conferring susceptibility to abdominal aortic aneurysm. Nat Genet 2010; 42 (08) 692-697
99 Iwashita S, Song SY. RasGAPs: a crucial regulator of extracellular stimuli for homeostasis of cellular functions. Mol Biosyst 2008; 4 (03) 213-222
100 Xie D, Gore C, Zhou J. , et al. DAB2IP coordinates both PI3K-Akt and ASK1 pathways for cell survival and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106 (47) 19878-19883
101 Bown MJ, Jones GT, Harrison SC. , et al; CARDIoGRAM Consortium; Global BPgen Consortium; DIAGRAM Consortium; VRCNZ Consortium. Abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with a variant in low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89 (05) 619-627
102 Rolph RC, Waltham M, Smith A, Kuivaniemi H. Expanding horizons for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Aorta (Stamford) 2015; 3 (01) 9-15
103 Harrison SC, Smith AJ, Jones GT. , et al; Aneurysm Consortium. Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur Heart J 2013; 34 (48) 3707-3716
104 Jones GT, Tromp G, Kuivaniemi H. , et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for abdominal aortic aneurysm identifies four new disease-specific risk loci. Circ Res 2017; 120 (02) 341-353
105 Koullias GJ, Ravichandran P, Korkolis DP, Rimm DL, Elefteriades JA. Increased tissue microarray matrix metalloproteinase expression favors proteolysis in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78 (06) 2106-2110 , discussion 2110–2111
106 Jones GT, Bown MJ, Gretarsdottir S. , et al. A sequence variant associated with sortilin-1 (SORT1) on 1p13.3 is independently associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22 (14) 2941-2947
107 Bradley DT, Hughes AE, Badger SA. , et al. A variant in LDLR is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2013; 6 (05) 498-504
108 Gertz SD, Kurgan A, Eisenberg D. Aneurysm of the rabbit common carotid artery induced by periarterial application of calcium chloride in vivo. J Clin Invest 1988; 81 (03) 649-656
109 Rouer M, Xu BH, Xuan HJ. , et al. Rapamycin limits the growth of established experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 47 (05) 493-500
110 Yoshimura K, Aoki H, Ikeda Y. , et al. Regression of abdominal aortic aneurysm by inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Nat Med 2005; 11 (12) 1330-1338
111 Parodi JC, Palmaz JC, Barone HD. Transfemoral intraluminal graft implantation for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Vasc Surg 1991; 5 (06) 491-499
112 Jordan Jr WD, Sampson LK, Iyer S. , et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair via percutaneous endovascular stenting in the swine model. Am Surg 1998; 64 (11) 1070-1073
113 Lv BJ, Lindholt JS, Wang J, Cheng X, Shi GP. Plasma levels of cathepsins L, K, and V and risks of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a randomized population-based study. Atherosclerosis 2013; 230 (01) 100-105
114 Kadoglou NP, Liapis CD. Matrix metalloproteinases: contribution to pathogenesis, diagnosis, surveillance and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20 (04) 419-432
115 Yamanouchi D, Morgan S, Stair C. , et al. Accelerated aneurysmal dilation associated with apoptosis and inflammation in a newly developed calcium phosphate rodent abdominal aortic aneurysm model. J Vasc Surg 2012; 56 (02) 455-461
116 Kaneko H, Anzai T, Morisawa M. , et al. Resveratrol prevents the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm through attenuation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and neovascularization. Atherosclerosis 2011; 217 (02) 350-357
117 Kothapalli CR, Gacchina CE, Ramamurthi A. Utility of hyaluronan oligomers and transforming growth factor-beta1 factors for elastic matrix regeneration by aneurysmal rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15 (11) 3247-3260
118 Tsuruda T, Kato J, Hatakeyama K. , et al. Adventitial mast cells contribute to pathogenesis in the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Circ Res 2008; 102 (11) 1368-1377
119 Tazume H, Miyata K, Tian Z. , et al. Macrophage-derived angiopoietin-like protein 2 accelerates development of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32 (06) 1400-1409
120 Anidjar S, Salzmann JL, Gentric D, Lagneau P, Camilleri JP, Michel JB. Elastase-induced experimental aneurysms in rats. Circulation 1990; 82 (03) 973-981
121 Pyo R, Lee JK, Shipley JM. , et al. Targeted gene disruption of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) suppresses development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Clin Invest 2000; 105 (11) 1641-1649
122 Kallmes DF, Fujiwara NH, Berr SS, Helm GA, Cloft HJ. Elastase-induced saccular aneurysms in rabbits: a dose-escalation study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23 (02) 295-298
123 White JV, Mazzacco SL. Formation and growth of aortic aneurysms induced by adventitial elastolysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 800: 97-120
124 Basalyga DM, Simionescu DT, Xiong W, Baxter BT, Starcher BC, Vyavahare NR. Elastin degradation and calcification in an abdominal aorta injury model: role of matrix metalloproteinases. Circulation 2004; 110 (22) 3480-3487
125 Lysgaard Poulsen J, Stubbe J, Lindholt JS. Animal models used to explore abdominal aortic aneurysms: a systematic review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2016; 52 (04) 487-499
126 Daugherty A, Manning MW, Cassis LA. Angiotensin II promotes atherosclerotic lesions and aneurysms in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 2000; 105 (11) 1605-1612
127 Manning MW, Cassis LA, Daugherty A. Differential effects of doxycycline, a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, on angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23 (03) 483-488
128 Bruemmer D, Daugherty A, Lu H, Rateri DL. Relevance of angiotensin II-induced aortic pathologies in mice to human aortic aneurysms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1245: 7-10
129 Daugherty A, Cassis LA. Mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24 (03) 429-434
130 Henriques TA, Huang J, D'Souza SS, Daugherty A, Cassis LA. Orchidectomy, but not ovariectomy, regulates angiotensin II-induced vascular diseases in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Endocrinology 2004; 145 (08) 3866-3872
131 Deng GG, Martin-McNulty B, Sukovich DA. , et al. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator plays a critical role in angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm. Circ Res 2003; 92 (05) 510-517
132 Gertz SD, Mintz Y, Beeri R. , et al. Lessons from animal models of arterial aneurysm. Aorta (Stamford) 2013; 1 (05) 244-254
133 Allaire E, Guettier C, Bruneval P, Plissonnier D, Michel J-B. Cell-free arterial grafts: morphologic characteristics of aortic isografts, allografts, and xenografts in rats. J Vasc Surg 1994; 19 (03) 446-456
134 Dai J, Louedec L, Philippe M, Michel J-B, Houard X. Effect of blocking platelet activation with AZD6140 on development of abdominal aortic aneurysm in a rat aneurysmal model. J Vasc Surg 2009; 49 (03) 719-727
135 Allaire E, Bruneval P, Mandet C, Becquemin J-P, Michel J-B. The immunogenicity of the extracellular matrix in arterial xenografts. Surgery 1997; 122 (01) 73-81
136 Prall AK, Longo GM, Mayhan WG. , et al. Doxycycline in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms and in mice: comparison of serum levels and effect on aneurysm growth in mice. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35 (05) 923-929
137 Davis FM, Rateri DL, Daugherty A. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: novel mechanisms and therapies. Curr Opin Cardiol 2015; 30 (06) 566-573
138 Yasuda Y, Li Z, Greenbaum D, Bogyo M, Weber E, Brömme D. Cathepsin V, a novel and potent elastolytic activity expressed in activated macrophages. J Biol Chem 2004; 279 (35) 36761-36770
139 Qin Y, Cao X, Guo J. , et al. Deficiency of cathepsin S attenuates angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96 (03) 401-410
140 Sun J, Sukhova GK, Zhang J. , et al. Cathepsin K deficiency reduces elastase perfusion-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32 (01) 15-23
141 Sun J, Sukhova GK, Zhang J. , et al. Cathepsin L activity is essential to elastase perfusion-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31 (11) 2500-2508
142 Lv BJ, Lindholt JS, Cheng X, Wang J, Shi GP. Plasma cathepsin S and cystatin C levels and risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm: a randomized population-based study. PLoS One 2012; 7 (07) e41813
143 Visse R, Nagase H. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, function, and biochemistry. Circ Res 2003; 92 (08) 827-839
144 Brinckerhoff CE, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinases: a tail of a frog that became a prince. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002; 3 (03) 207-214
145 Aziz F, Kuivaniemi H. Role of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in preventing abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Vasc Surg 2007; 21 (03) 392-401
146 Gomez DE, Alonso DF, Yoshiji H, Thorgeirsson UP. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, regulation and biological functions. Eur J Cell Biol 1997; 74 (02) 111-122
147 Freestone T, Turner RJ, Coady A, Higman DJ, Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT. Inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases in the enlarging abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15 (08) 1145-1151
148 McMillan WD, Tamarina NA, Cipollone M, Johnson DA, Parker MA, Pearce WH. Size matters: the relationship between MMP-9 expression and aortic diameter. Circulation 1997; 96 (07) 2228-2232
149 Elmore JR, Keister BF, Franklin DP, Youkey JR, Carey DJ. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Vasc Surg 1998; 12 (03) 221-228
150 McMillan WD, Patterson BK, Keen RR, Shively VP, Cipollone M, Pearce WH. In situ localization and quantification of mRNA for 92-kD type IV collagenase and its inhibitor in aneurysmal, occlusive, and normal aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15 (08) 1139-1144
151 Lorelli DR, Jean-Claude JM, Fox CJ. , et al. Response of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 to conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm repair or endovascular exclusion: implications for endoleak. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35 (05) 916-922
152 Watanabe T, Sato A, Sawai T. , et al. The elevated level of circulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms decreased to levels equal to those of healthy controls after an aortic repair. Ann Vasc Surg 2006; 20 (03) 317-321
153 Eugster T, Huber A, Obeid T, Schwegler I, Gürke L, Stierli P. Aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen and matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 failed to serve as serum markers for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005; 29 (04) 378-382
154 Mosorin M, Juvonen J, Biancari F. , et al. Use of doxycycline to decrease the growth rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Vasc Surg 2001; 34 (04) 606-610
155 Meijer CA, Stijnen T, Wasser MN, Hamming JF, van Bockel JH, Lindeman JH. ; Pharmaceutical Aneurysm Stabilisation Trial Study Group. Doxycycline for stabilization of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159 (12) 815-823
156 Daugherty A, Rateri DL, Charo IF, Owens AP, Howatt DA, Cassis LA. Angiotensin II infusion promotes ascending aortic aneurysms: attenuation by CCR2 deficiency in apoE-/- mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 118 (11) 681-689
157 Michineau S, Franck G, Wagner-Ballon O, Dai J, Allaire E, Gervais M. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 blockade by AMD3100 inhibits experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion through anti-inflammatory effects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34 (08) 1747-1755
158 Forester ND, Cruickshank SM, Scott DJ, Carding SR. Functional characterization of T cells in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Immunology 2005; 115 (02) 262-270
159 Bobryshev YV, Lord RS. Vascular-associated lymphoid tissue (VALT) involvement in aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154 (01) 15-21
160 Xiao J, Angsana J, Wen J. , et al. Syndecan-1 displays a protective role in aortic aneurysm formation by modulating T cell-mediated responses. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32 (02) 386-396
161 Wang Q, Liu Z, Ren J, Morgan S, Assa C, Liu B. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 contributes to abdominal aortic aneurysms via smooth muscle cell necrosis and inflammation. Circ Res 2015; 116 (04) 600-611
162 Boyle JJ, Weissberg PL, Bennett MR. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotes macrophage-induced vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis by direct and autocrine mechanisms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23 (09) 1553-1558
163 Leskinen M, Wang Y, Leszczynski D, Lindstedt KA, Kovanen PT. Mast cell chymase induces apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21 (04) 516-522
164 Brown LC, Powell JT. Risk factors for aneurysm rupture in patients kept under ultrasound surveillance. UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Ann Surg 1999; 230 (03) 289-296 , discussion 296–297
165 Brady AR, Thompson SG, Fowkes FGR, Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT. ; UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion: risk factors and time intervals for surveillance. Circulation 2004; 110 (01) 16-21
166 Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE. , et al; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #417 Investigators. Rupture rate of large abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients refusing or unfit for elective repair. JAMA 2002; 287 (22) 2968-2972
167 Reed WW, Hallett Jr JW, Damiano MA, Ballard DJ. Learning from the last ultrasound. A population-based study of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157 (18) 2064-2068
168 Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C. , et al; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines; The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. Eur Heart J 2014; 35 (41) 2873-2926
169 Brewster DC, Cronenwett JL, Hallett Jr JW, Johnston KW, Krupski WC, Matsumura JS. ; Joint Council of the American Association for Vascular Surgery and Society for Vascular Surgery. Guidelines for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Report of a subcommittee of the Joint Council of the American Association for Vascular Surgery and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg 2003; 37 (05) 1106-1117
170 Chaikof EL, Brewster DC, Dalman RL. , et al; Society for Vascular Surgery. The care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm: the Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines. J Vasc Surg 2009; 50 (4, Suppl): S2-S49
171 Moll FL, Powell JT, Fraedrich G. , et al; European Society for Vascular Surgery. Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms clinical practice guidelines of the European society for vascular surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 41 (Suppl. 01) S1-S58
172 Jones A, Cahill D, Gardham R. Outcome in patients with a large abdominal aortic aneurysm considered unfit for surgery. Br J Surg 1998; 85 (10) 1382-1384
173 Bown MJ, Sweeting MJ, Brown LC, Powell JT, Thompson SG. ; RESCAN Collaborators. Surveillance intervals for small abdominal aortic aneurysms: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2013; 309 (08) 806-813
174 Hollier LH, Taylor LM, Ochsner J. Recommended indications for operative treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Report of a subcommittee of the Joint Council of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the North American Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg 1992; 15 (06) 1046-1056
175 Herrin J, Etchason JA, Kahan JP, Brook RH, Ballard DJ. Effect of panel composition on physician ratings of appropriateness of abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery: elucidating differences between multispecialty panel results and specialty society recommendations. Health Policy 1997; 42 (01) 67-81
176 Scott RA, Wilson NM, Ashton HA, Kay DN. Is surgery necessary for abdominal aortic aneurysm less than 6 cm in diameter?. Lancet 1993; 342 (8884): 1395-1396
177 Lederle FA, Wilson SE, Johnson GR. , et al; Aneurysm Detection and Management Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. Immediate repair compared with surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (19) 1437-1444
178 Powell JT, Brady AR, Brown LC. , et al. Mortality results for randomised controlled trial of early elective surgery or ultrasonographic surveillance for small abdominal aortic aneurysms. The UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Lancet 1998; 352 (9141): 1649-1655
179 Cao P, De Rango P, Verzini F, Parlani G, Romano L, Cieri E. ; CAESAR Trial Group. Comparison of surveillance versus aortic endografting for small aneurysm repair (CAESAR): results from a randomised trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 41 (01) 13-25
180 Ouriel K, Clair DG, Kent KC, Zarins CK. ; Positive Impact of Endovascular Options for treating Aneurysms Early (PIVOTAL) Investigators. Endovascular repair compared with surveillance for patients with small abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51 (05) 1081-1087
181 Filardo G, Powell JT, Martinez MA, Ballard DJ. Surgery for small asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (03) CD001835
182 Mani K, Lees T, Beiles B. , et al. Treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm in nine countries 2005-2009: a vascunet report. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 42 (05) 598-607
183 Beck AW, Sedrakyan A, Mao J. , et al; International Consortium of Vascular Registries. Variations in abdominal aortic aneurysm care: a report from the International Consortium of Vascular Registries. Circulation 2016; 134 (24) 1948-1958
184 Karthikesalingam A, Vidal-Diez A, Holt PJ. , et al. Thresholds for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in England and the United States. N Engl J Med 2016; 375 (21) 2051-2059
185 Lederle F. Distinguished Lecture Given at the Opening of the 5th International Meeting on Aortic Disease, Liège, Belgium (September 15, 2016). Stamford: AORTA; 2016. ;4:3
186 Filardo G, Lederle FA, Ballard DJ. , et al. Immediate open repair vs surveillance in patients with small abdominal aortic aneurysms: survival differences by aneurysm size. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88 (09) 910-919
187 Filardo G, Lederle FA, Ballard DJ. , et al. Effect of age on survival between open repair and surveillance for small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am J Cardiol 2014; 114 (08) 1281-1286
188 De Martino RR, Hoel AW, Beck AW. , et al; Vascular Quality Initiative. Participation in the Vascular Quality Initiative is associated with improved perioperative medication use, which is associated with longer patient survival. J Vasc Surg 2015; 61 (04) 1010-1019
189 Schermerhorn ML, Buck DB, O'Malley AJ. , et al. Long-term outcomes of abdominal aortic aneurysm in the medicare population. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (04) 328-338
190 Paraskevas KI, Mikhailidis DP, Veith FJ. The rationale for lowering the size threshold in elective endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Endovasc Ther 2011; 18 (03) 308-313
191 Schlösser FJ, Tangelder MJ, Verhagen HJ. , et al; SMART study group. Growth predictors and prognosis of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2008; 47 (06) 1127-1133
192 EVAR trial participants. Endovascular aneurysm repair and outcome in patients unfit for open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 2): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365 (9478): 2187-2192
193 Greenhalgh RM, Brown LC, Kwong GP, Powell JT, Thompson SG. ; EVAR trial participants. Comparison of endovascular aneurysm repair with open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1), 30-day operative mortality results: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364 (9437): 843-848
194 Hardman DTA, Fisher CM, Patel MI. , et al. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: who should be offered surgery?. J Vasc Surg 1996; 23 (01) 123-129
195 Volodos NL, Karpovich IP, Troyan VI. , et al. Clinical experience of the use of self-fixing synthetic prostheses for remote endoprosthetics of the thoracic and the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries through the femoral artery and as intraoperative endoprosthesis for aorta reconstruction. Vasa Suppl 1991; 33: 93-95
196 Kent KC. Clinical practice. Abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 2014; 371 (22) 2101-2108
197 Thomas SM, Gaines PA, Beard JD. ; Vascular Surgical Society of Great Britain and Ireland; British Society of Interventional Radiology. Short-term (30-day) outcome of endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurism: results from the prospective Registry of Endovascular Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurism (RETA). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2001; 21 (01) 57-64
198 Harris PL, Vallabhaneni SR, Desgranges P, Becquemin JP, van Marrewijk C, Laheij RJ. Incidence and risk factors of late rupture, conversion, and death after endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms: the EUROSTAR experience. European Collaborators on Stent/graft techniques for aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 2000; 32 (04) 739-749
199 Prinssen M, Verhoeven ELG, Buth J. , et al; Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Management (DREAM)Trial Group. A randomized trial comparing conventional and endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 2004; 351 (16) 1607-1618
200 Lederle FA, Freischlag JA, Kyriakides TC. , et al; Open Versus Endovascular Repair (OVER) Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. Outcomes following endovascular vs open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: a randomized trial. JAMA 2009; 302 (14) 1535-1542
201 Greenhalgh RM, Brown LC, Powell JT, Thompson SG, Epstein D, Sculpher MJ. ; United Kingdom EVAR Trial Investigators. Endovascular versus open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (20) 1863-1871
202 Blankensteijn JD, de Jong SE, Prinssen M. , et al; Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Management (DREAM) Trial Group. Two-year outcomes after conventional or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 2005; 352 (23) 2398-2405
203 Lederle FA, Freischlag JA, Kyriakides TC. , et al; OVER Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. Long-term comparison of endovascular and open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (21) 1988-1997
204 De Bruin JL, Baas AF, Buth J. , et al; DREAM Study Group. Long-term outcome of open or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (20) 1881-1889
205 Dangas G, O'Connor D, Firwana B. , et al. Open versus endovascular stent graft repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 5 (10) 1071-1080
206 Elefteriades JA, Farkas EA. Thoracic aortic aneurysm clinically pertinent controversies and uncertainties. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55 (09) 841-857
207 IMPROVE Trial Investigators. The effect of aortic morphology on peri-operative mortality of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur Heart J 2015; 36 (21) 1328-1334
208 Sarac TP, Gibbons C, Vargas L. , et al. Long-term follow-up of type II endoleak embolization reveals the need for close surveillance. J Vasc Surg 2012; 55 (01) 33-40
209 Patel R, Sweeting MJ, Powell JT, Greenhalgh RM. ; EVAR trial investigators. Endovascular versus open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm in 15-years' follow-up of the UK endovascular aneurysm repair trial 1 (EVAR trial 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016; 388 (10058): 2366-2374
210 Powell JT. Prophylactic abdominal aortic aneurysm repair? Open repair brings early pain but later gain. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2016; 52 (06) 719-720
211 van Schaik TG, de Bruin J, van Sambeek M. , et al. RS09. Very long-term follow-up (12–15 years) of the Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Management (DREAM) Trial. J Vasc Surg 2016; 63: 143S
212 Prevention Cfdca. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Compressed Mortality File 1999–2015 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released December 2015. Data are from the Compressed Mortality File 1999–2015 Series 20 No. 2U, 2016, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. 2017
213 Bown MJ, Sutton AJ, Bell PR, Sayers RD. A meta-analysis of 50 years of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Br J Surg 2002; 89 (06) 714-730
214 Yusuf SW, Whitaker SC, Chuter TA, Wenham PW, Hopkinson BR. Emergency endovascular repair of leaking aortic aneurysm. Lancet 1994; 344 (8937): 1645
215 Lesperance K, Andersen C, Singh N, Starnes B, Martin MJ. Expanding use of emergency endovascular repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: disparities in outcomes from a nationwide perspective. J Vasc Surg 2008; 47 (06) 1165-1170 , discussion 1170–1171
216 McPhee J, Eslami MH, Arous EJ, Messina LM, Schanzer A. Endovascular treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms in the United States (2001-2006): a significant survival benefit over open repair is independently associated with increased institutional volume. J Vasc Surg 2009; 49 (04) 817-826
217 Giles KA, Pomposelli F, Hamdan A, Wyers M, Jhaveri A, Schermerhorn ML. Decrease in total aneurysm-related deaths in the era of endovascular aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 2009; 49 (03) 543-550 , discussion 550–551
218 Davenport DL, O'Keeffe SD, Minion DJ, Sorial EE, Endean ED, Xenos ES. Thirty-day NSQIP database outcomes of open versus endoluminal repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51 (02) 305-9.e1
219 Edwards ST, Schermerhorn ML, O'Malley AJ. , et al. Comparative effectiveness of endovascular versus open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in the Medicare population. J Vasc Surg 2014; 59 (03) 575-582
220 Mayer D, Aeschbacher S, Pfammatter T. , et al. Complete replacement of open repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms by endovascular aneurysm repair: a two-center 14-year experience. Ann Surg 2012; 256 (05) 688-695 , discussion 695–696
221 Veith FJ, Powell JT, Hinchliffe RJ. Is a randomized trial necessary to determine whether endovascular repair is the preferred management strategy in patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms?. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52 (04) 1087-1093
222 Hinchliffe RJ, Bruijstens L, MacSweeney ST, Braithwaite BD. A randomised trial of endovascular and open surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm - results of a pilot study and lessons learned for future studies. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 32 (05) 506-513 , discussion 514–515
223 Desgranges P, Kobeiter H, Katsahian S. , et al; ECAR Investigators. Editor's choice - ECAR (Endovasculaire ou Chirurgie dans les Anévrysmes aorto-iliaques Rompus): a French randomized controlled trial of endovascular versus open surgical repair of ruptured aorto-iliac aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2015; 50 (03) 303-310
224 Reimerink JJ, Hoornweg LL, Vahl AC. , et al; Amsterdam Acute Aneurysm Trial Collaborators. Endovascular repair versus open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2013; 258 (02) 248-256
225 Powell JT, Sweeting MJ, Thompson MM. , et al; IMPROVE Trial Investigators. Endovascular or open repair strategy for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: 30 day outcomes from IMPROVE randomised trial. BMJ 2014; 348: f7661
226 Björck M. Surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. BMJ 2014; 348: g95
227 Sweeting MJ, Balm R, Desgranges P, Ulug P, Powell JT. ; Ruptured Aneurysm Trialists. Individual-patient meta-analysis of three randomized trials comparing endovascular versus open repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 2015; 102 (10) 1229-1239
228 IMPROVE Trial Investigators. Endovascular strategy or open repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: one-year outcomes from the IMPROVE randomized trial. Eur Heart J 2015; 36 (31) 2061-2069
229 Sarac TP, Bannazadeh M, Rowan AF. , et al. Comparative predictors of mortality for endovascular and open repair of ruptured infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Vasc Surg 2011; 25 (04) 461-468
230 Hope K, Nickols G, Mouton R. Modern anesthetic management of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 30 (06) 1676-1684
231 Luebke T, Brunkwall J. Risk-adjusted meta-analysis of 30-day mortality of endovascular versus open repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Vasc Surg 2015; 29 (04) 845-863
232 Hinchliffe RJ, Powell JT. Improving the outcomes from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: interdisciplinary best practice guidelines. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2013; 95 (02) 96-97
233 Crawford ES. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 1991; 13 (02) 348-350
234 Dick F, Erdoes G, Opfermann P, Eberle B, Schmidli J, von Allmen RS. Delayed volume resuscitation during initial management of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2013; 57 (04) 943-950
235 Mayer D, Pfammatter T, Rancic Z. , et al. 10 years of emergency endovascular aneurysm repair for ruptured abdominal aortoiliac aneurysms: lessons learned. Ann Surg 2009; 249 (03) 510-515
236 Melton III LJ, Bickerstaff LK, Hollier LH. , et al. Changing incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120 (03) 379-386
237 Lilienfeld DE, Gunderson PD, Sprafka JM, Vargas C. Epidemiology of aortic aneurysms: I. Mortality trends in the United States, 1951 to 1981. Arteriosclerosis 1987; 7 (06) 637-643
238 Fowkes FG, Macintyre CC, Ruckley CV. Increasing incidence of aortic aneurysms in England and Wales. BMJ 1989; 298 (6665): 33-35
239 McFarlane MJ. The epidemiologic necropsy for abdominal aortic aneurysm. JAMA 1991; 265 (16) 2085-2088
240 Norman PE, Castleden WM, Hockey RL. Prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in Western Australia. Br J Surg 1991; 78 (09) 1118-1121
241 Bengtsson H, Bergqvist D, Sternby NH. Increasing prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms. A necropsy study. Eur J Surg 1992; 158 (01) 19-23
242 Drott C, Arfvidsson B, Ortenwall P, Lundholm K. Age-standardized incidence of ruptured aortic aneurysm in a defined Swedish population between 1952 and 1988: mortality rate and operative results. Br J Surg 1992; 79 (02) 175-179
243 Millar WJ, Cole CW, Hill GB. Trends in mortality and hospital morbidity due to abdominal aortic aneurysms. Health Rep 1995; 7 (01) 19-27 , 21–30
244 Blanchard JF. Epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Epidemiol Rev 1999; 21 (02) 207-221
245 Filipovic M, Goldacre MJ, Roberts SE, Yeates D, Duncan ME, Cook-Mozaffari P. Trends in mortality and hospital admission rates for abdominal aortic aneurysm in England and Wales, 1979-1999. Br J Surg 2005; 92 (08) 968-975
246 Scott RA, Wilson NM, Ashton HA, Kay DN. Influence of screening on the incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: 5-year results of a randomized controlled study. Br J Surg 1995; 82 (08) 1066-1070
247 Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: single centre randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2005; 330 (7494): 750
248 Norman PE, Jamrozik K, Lawrence-Brown MM. , et al. Population based randomised controlled trial on impact of screening on mortality from abdominal aortic aneurysm. BMJ 2004; 329 (7477): 1259
249 Cosford PA, Leng GC. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (02) CD002945
250 Thompson SG, Ashton HA, Gao L, Buxton MJ, Scott RAP. ; Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) Group. Final follow-up of the Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) randomized trial of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening. Br J Surg 2012; 99 (12) 1649-1656
251 Lindholt JS, Sørensen J, Søgaard R, Henneberg EW. Long-term benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms from a randomized controlled trial. Br J Surg 2010; 97 (06) 826-834
252 Ashton HA, Gao L, Kim LG, Druce PS, Thompson SG, Scott RA. Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Surg 2007; 94 (06) 696-701
253 Jamrozik K, Norman PE, Spencer CA. , et al. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: lessons from a population-based study. Med J Aust 2000; 173 (07) 345-350
254 Englesbe MJ, Wu AH, Clowes AW, Zierler RE. The prevalence and natural history of aortic aneurysms in heart and abdominal organ transplant patients. J Vasc Surg 2003; 37 (01) 27-31
255 Singh K, Bønaa KH, Jacobsen BK, Bjørk L, Solberg S. Prevalence of and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a population-based study: the Tromsø study. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154 (03) 236-244
256 Svensjö S, Björck M, Wanhainen A. Update on screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a topical review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 48 (06) 659-667