PDF herunterladen
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38(03): 181-192
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1666841
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

The Micro-Elimination Approach to Eliminating Hepatitis C: Strategic and Operational Considerations

Jeffrey V. Lazarus
1   Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
,
Kelly Safreed-Harmon
1   Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
,
Mark R. Thursz
2   Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
,
John F. Dillon
3   Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
,
Manal H. El-Sayed
4   Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
,
Ahmed M. Elsharkawy
5   University Hospitals Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, United Kingdom
,
Angelos Hatzakis
6   Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
,
Michel Jadoul
7   Department of Nephrology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
,
Tullio Prestileo
8   Infection Diseases Unit and Centre for Migration and Health, ARNAS, Civico-Benfratelli Hospital, Palermo, Italy
,
Homie Razavi
9   Center for Disease Analysis Foundation, Lafayette, Colorado
,
Jürgen K. Rockstroh
10   Department of Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
,
Stefan Z. Wiktor
11   Department of Global Health, University of Washington Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Seattle, Washington
,
Massimo Colombo
12   Department of Medicine, Clinical and Research Center, Humanitas Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
09. Juli 2018 (online)

   Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

The introduction of efficacious new hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments galvanized the World Health Organization to define ambitious targets for eliminating HCV as a public health threat by 2030. Formidable obstacles to reaching this goal can best be overcome through a micro-elimination approach, which entails pursuing elimination goals in discrete populations through multi-stakeholder initiatives that tailor interventions to the needs of these populations. Micro-elimination is less daunting, less complex, and less costly than full-scale, country-level initiatives to eliminate HCV, and it can build momentum by producing small victories that inspire more ambitious efforts. The micro-elimination approach encourages stakeholders who are most knowledgeable about specific populations to engage with each other and also promotes the uptake of new models of care. Examples of micro-elimination target populations include medical patients, people who inject drugs, migrants, and prisoners, although candidate populations can be expected to vary greatly in different countries and subnational areas.

Keywords

health policy - hepatitis C - micro-elimination - health systems - models of care
 

  • References

  • 1 Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2 (03) 161-176
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 2 World Health Organization. Global Hepatitis Report, 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 3 GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015; 385 (9963): 117-171
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 4 World Health Organization. Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis, 2016–2021: Towards Ending Viral Hepatitis. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 5 World Health Organization. Progress Report on Access to Hepatitis C Treatment: Focus on Overcoming Barriers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2018. http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260445 . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 6 The Polaris Observatory. News. Available at: http://cdafound.org/news/ . Accessed June 27, 2018
    PubMed
  • 7 Lazarus JV, Wiktor S, Colombo M, Thursz M. ; EASL International Liver Foundation. Micro-elimination - a path to global elimination of hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2017; 67 (04) 665-666
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 8 The Polaris Observatory. Untitled. Available at: http://cdafound.org/polaris/ . Accessed June 27, 2018
    PubMed
  • 9 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hepatitis C virus infection among adolescents and young adults:Massachusetts, 2002-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011; 60 (17) 537-541
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 10 Patrick SW, Bauer AM, Warren MD, Jones TF, Wester C. Hepatitis C virus infection among women giving birth - Tennessee and United States, 2009-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66 (18) 470-473
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 11 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Frequently Asked Questions on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Fact Sheet No. 33. 2008. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet33en.pdf
    PubMed
  • 12 Lazarus JV, Pericàs JM, Hetherington KL. Micro-elimination – a key component of global hepatitis C elimination. In: Hatzakis A, ed. Epidemiology, Prevention, Management and Elimination of Hepatitis C - Volume III Elimination of HCV. Springer; 2018. ( in press )
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 13 Thursz M, Fontanet A. HCV transmission in industrialized countries and resource-constrained areas. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 11 (01) 28-35
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 14 Howard A, Stone K. The Global State of Harm Reduction 2016. London: Harm Reduction International; 2016. https://www.hri.global/files/2016/11/14/GSHR2016_14nov.pdf . Accessed 01 May 2018
    PubMed
  • 15 Bruggmann P, Litwin AH. Models of care for the management of hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs: one size does not fit all. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57 (Suppl. 02) S56-S61
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 16 Tait JM, Wang H, Stephens BP. , et al. Multidisciplinary managed care networks-Life-saving interventions for hepatitis C patients. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24 (03) 207-215
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 17 Radley A, Melville K, Tait J, Stephens B, Evans JMM, Dillon JF. A quasi-experimental evaluation of dried blood spot testing through community pharmacies in the Tayside region of Scotland. Frontline Gastroenterol 2017; 8 (03) 221-228
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 18 Radley A, Tait J, Dillon JF. DOT-C: a cluster randomised feasibility trial evaluating directly observed anti-HCV therapy in a population receiving opioid substitute therapy from community pharmacy. Int J Drug Policy 2017; 47: 126-136
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 19 Mathur P, Comstock E, McSweegan E, Mercer N, Kumar NS, Kottilil S. A pilot study to expand treatment of chronic hepatitis C in resource-limited settings. Antiviral Res 2017; 146: 184-190
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 20 Leask JD, Dillon JF. Review article: treatment as prevention - targeting people who inject drugs as a pathway towards hepatitis C eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44 (02) 145-156
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 21 Fraser H, Martin NK, Brummer-Korvenkontio H. , et al. Model projections on the impact of HCV treatment in the prevention of HCV transmission among people who inject drugs in Europe. J Hepatol 2018; 68 (03) 402-411
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 22 Gountas I, Sypsa V, Anagnostou O. , et al. Treatment and primary prevention in people who inject drugs for chronic hepatitis C infection: is elimination possible in a high-prevalence setting?. Addiction 2017; 112 (07) 1290-1299
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 23 Ayoub HH, Abu-Raddad LJ. Impact of treatment on hepatitis C virus transmission and incidence in Egypt: a case for treatment as prevention. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24 (06) 486-495
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 24 Hickman M, De Angelis D, Vickerman P, Hutchinson S, Martin NK. Hepatitis C virus treatment as prevention in people who inject drugs: testing the evidence. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28 (06) 576-582
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 25 Kirby Institute. Bloodborne Viral and Sexually Transmissible Infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Annual Surveillance Report 2017. Sydney: Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney; 2017. https://kirby.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/kirby/report/KirbyInst_Indigenous_ASR2017-compressed.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 26 United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral Hepatitis Surveillance, United States, 2015. Atlanta, GA: United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2015surveillance/pdfs/2015HepSurveillanceRpt.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 27 Parmar P, Corsi DJ, Cooper C. Distribution of hepatitis C risk factors and HCV treatment outcomes among Central Canadian Aboriginal. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2016: 8987976
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 28 Remis RS. Modelling the Incidence and Prevalence of Hepatitis C Infection and its Sequelae in Canada, 2007: Final Report. Public Health Agency of Canada. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/sti-its-surv-epi/model/pdf/model07-eng.pdf . Accessed 11 May 2018
    PubMed
  • 29 Alvarado-Mora MV, Fernandez MFG, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, de Azevedo Neto RS, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JR. Hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and hepatitis delta (HDV) viruses in the Colombian population--how is the epidemiological situation?. PLoS One 2011; 6 (04) e18888
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 30 Maaroufi A, Vince A, Himatt SM. , et al. Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in select countries-volume 4. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24 (Suppl. 02) 8-24
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 31 Conway J, Tsourtos G, Lawn S. The barriers and facilitators that indigenous health workers experience in their workplace and communities in providing self-management support: a multiple case study. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17 (01) 319
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 32 Marrone S. Understanding barriers to health care: a review of disparities in health care services among indigenous populations. Int J Circumpolar Health 2007; 66 (03) 188-198
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 33 Gilliver R, Machin W, Kearley J, Lothian R, Chronister K, Read P. Treatment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Clients with Direct Acting Antivirals at the Kirketon Road Centre: An Integrated Primary Health Care Setting Serving Highly Marginalised Populations. Paper presented at the 11 Australasian Viral Hepatitis Elimination Conference (AVHEC), August 10–11, 2017, Cairns, Queensland, Australia. https://az659834.vo.msecnd.net/eventsairaueprod/production-ashm-public/4e0f10ee77634cc2a4a357984cd559d1 . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 34 Reilley B, Leston J, Hariri S. , et al. Birth cohort testing for hepatitis C virus — Indian Health Service 2012–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65 (18) 467-469
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 35 Mera J, Vellozzi C, Hariri S. , et al. Identification and clinical management of persons with chronic hepatitis C virus infection - Cherokee Nation, 2012–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65 (18) 461-466
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 36 Chlibek R, Smetana J, Sosovickova R. , et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in adult population in the Czech Republic - time for birth cohort screening. PLoS One 2017; 12 (04) e0175525
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 37 Baptista-González H, Noffal-Nuño VM, Méndez-Sánchez N. Frequency of hepatitis C virus infection in a single institution in Mexico with a focus on birth-cohort population. Ann Hepatol 2016; 15 (06) 846-852
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 38 Bruggmann P, Negro F, Bihl F. , et al. Birth cohort distribution and screening for viraemic hepatitis C virus infections in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly 2015; 145: w14221
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 39 Rosińska M, Parda N, Kołakowska A. , et al. Factors associated with hepatitis C prevalence differ by the stage of liver fibrosis: a cross-sectional study in the general population in Poland, 2012-2016. PLoS One 2017; 12 (09) e0185055
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 40 Morgan JR, Servidone M, Easterbrook P, Linas BP. Economic evaluation of HCV testing approaches in low and middle income countries. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17 (Suppl. 01) 697
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 41 Heil J, Hoebe CJPA, Cals JWL, Ter Waarbeek HLG, van Loo IHM, Dukers-Muijrers NHTM. Detecting hepatitis B and C by combined public health and primary care birth cohort testing. Ann Fam Med 2018; 16 (01) 21-27
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 42 Benova L, Mohamoud YA, Calvert C, Abu-Raddad LJ. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59 (06) 765-773
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 43 Squires JE, Balistreri WF. Hepatitis C virus infection in children and adolescents. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1 (02) 87-98
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 44 Lagging M, Wejstål R, Duberg AS, Aleman S, Weiland O, Westin J. ; for the Swedish Consensus Group. Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection for adults and children: updated Swedish consensus guidelines 2017. Infect Dis (Lond) 2018; ( e-pub ahead of print )
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 45 Towers CV, Fortner KB. Infant follow-up postdelivery from a hepatitis C viral load positive mother. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; ( e-pub ahead of print )
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 46 World Health Organization. Guidelines on Hepatitis B and C Testing. Geneva: World Health Organization; February 2017. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254621/1/9789241549981-eng.pdf?ua=1 . Accessed May 10, 2018
    PubMed
  • 47 Urbanus AT, van Keep M, Matser AA. , et al. Is adding HCV screening to the antenatal national screening program in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, cost-effective?. PLoS One 2013; 8 (08) e70319
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 48 Jadoul M. The prevention of hepatitis C virus transmission to hemodialysis patients and staff members. Hemodial Int 2018; 22 (Suppl. 01) S104-S109
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 49 Ko SY, Choe WH. Management of hepatitis C viral infection in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis in the era of direct-acting antivirals. Clin Mol Hepatol 2018; ( e-pub ahead of print )
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 50 Komitova RT, Atanasova MV, Pavlova TA, Nyagolov MS, Ivanova AV. Diagnostic dilemmas in hepatitis C virus infection for hemodialysis patients. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2017; 59 (01) 70-77
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 51 Carvalho-Filho RJ, Feldner AC, Silva AE, Ferraz ML. Management of hepatitis C in patients with chronic kidney disease. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21 (02) 408-422
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 52 Goodkin DA, Bieber B, Jadoul M, Martin P, Kanda E, Pisoni RL. Mortality, hospitalization, and quality of life among patients with hepatitis C infection on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12 (02) 287-297
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 53 Azmi AN, Tan SS, Mohamed R. Hepatitis C and kidney disease: an overview and approach to management. World J Hepatol 2015; 7 (01) 78-92
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 54 Gane E, Lawitz E, Pugatch D. , et al. Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir in patients with HCV and severe renal impairment. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (15) 1448-1455
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 55 Taneja S, Duseja A, De A. , et al. Low-dose sofosbuvir is safe and effective in treating chronic hepatitis C in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63 (05) 1334-1340
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 56 Moini M, Ziyaeyan M, Aghaei S. , et al. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rate among seronegative hemodialysis patients screened by two methods; HCV core antigen and polymerase chain reaction. Hepat Mon 2013; 13 (06) e9147
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 57 Ladino M, Pedraza F, Roth D. Hepatitis C virus infection in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27 (08) 2238-2246
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 58 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Hepatitis C Work Group. KDIGO 2018 Clinical Practice Guideline on the Prevention, Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hepatitis C in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl. In press
    PubMed
  • 59 Jadoul M, Horsmans Y. Towards eradication of hepatitis C virus from dialysis units. Lancet 2015; 386 (10003): 1514-1515
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 60 Platt L, Easterbrook P, Gower E. , et al. Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16 (07) 797-808
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 61 Ingiliz P, Martin TC, Rodger A. , et al; NEAT study group. HCV reinfection incidence and spontaneous clearance rates in HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Western Europe. J Hepatol 2017; 66 (02) 282-287
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 62 Boerekamps A, van den Berk GE, Lauw FN. , et al. Declining hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence in Dutch human immunodeficiency virus-positive men who have sex with men after unrestricted access to HCV therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66 (09) 1360-1365
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 63 Braun D, Hampel BH, Nguyen H. , et al. A Treatment as Prevention Trial to Eliminate HCV in HIV+ MSM: The Swiss HCVree Trial. Paper presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Boston, Massachussetts, March 4–7, 2018 [Abstract no. 81LB]. http://www.croiconference.org/sessions/treatment-prevention-trial-eliminate-hcv-hiv-msm-swiss-hcvree-trial . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 64 Wyles D, Bräu N, Kottilil S. , et al; ASTRAL-5 Investigators. ASTRAL-5 Investigators. Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir for the treatment of hepatitis C virus in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: an open-label, phase 3 study. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65 (01) 6-12
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 65 Bischoff J, Mauss S, Cordes C. , et al. Rates of sustained virological response 12 weeks after the scheduled end of direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy from the National German HCV registry: does HIV coinfection impair the response to DAA combination therapy?. HIV Med 2018; 19 (04) 299-307
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 66 Greenaway C, Thu Ma A, Kloda LA. , et al. The seroprevalence of hepatitis C antibodies in immigrants and refugees from intermediate and high endemic countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10 (11) e0141715
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 67 Feld JJ. Extending a helping hand: addressing hepatitis C in economic migrants and refugees. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17 (01) 8-10
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 68 Greenaway C, Azoulay L, Allard R. , et al. A population-based study of chronic hepatitis C in immigrants and non-immigrants in Quebec, Canada. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17 (01) 140
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 69 Sagnelli E, Alessio L, Sagnelli C. , et al. Clinical findings of HCV chronic infection in undocumented immigrants and low-income refugees in three areas of southern Italy. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17 (01) 47-53
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 70 Prestileo T, Di Lorenzo F, Indovina C. , et al; Immigrant Take Care Advocacy (I.Ta.C.A.) team Palermo. Detection of HBV, HCV and HIV infection and linkage to care in migrants: the experience of the I.Ta.C.A. cohort in Palermo. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Italian Society of Migration Medicine; April 19, 2018; Catania, Italy
    PubMed
  • 71 Falla AM, Hofstraat SHI, Duffell E, Hahné SJM, Tavoschi L, Veldhuijzen IK. Hepatitis B/C in the countries of the EU/EEA: a systematic review of the prevalence among at-risk groups. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18 (01) 79
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 72 Hellard M, Sacks-Davis R, Gold J. Hepatitis C treatment for injection drug users: a review of the available evidence. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49 (04) 561-573
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 73 Aspinall EJ, Corson S, Doyle JS. , et al. Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who are actively injecting drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57 (Suppl. 02) S80-S89
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 74 Christensen S, Buggisch P, Mauss S. , et al. Direct-acting antiviral treatment of chronic HCV-infected patients on opioid substitution therapy: still a concern in clinical practice?. Addiction 2018; 113 (05) 868-882
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 75 Ahmad F, Johnston L, Stephens B. , et al. Eradicate-C Study: Treating Chaotic Drug Users to Eliminate Hepatitis C – The Final Report. Poster presented at: International Symposium on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users; September 6–8, 2017; Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
    PubMed
  • 76 Gottfreðsson M, Tyrfingsson T, Runarsdottir V. , et al. Treatment as Prevention for Hepatitis C (TraP HepC). A Real-world Experience from the First 12 Months of a Nationwide Elimination Program in Iceland. OFID 2017:4(Suppl 1):S42. [Abstract no. 1694]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5632122/pdf/ofx162.101.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 77 Finessi V, Borojevic M, Messina P. , et al. Models of Care for the Management of Hepatitis C among People Who Inject Drug in Southern Switzerland: Role of Nurses. Poster presented at: International Symposium on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users; September 6-8, 2017; Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
    PubMed
  • 78 Allardice K, Von Birba S, Doyle JS. , et al. Implementation of a Nurse-Led Model of Care to Treat People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) for HCV in the Community. Poster presented at: International Symposium on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users; September 6-8, 2017; Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
    PubMed
  • 79 Read P, Lothian R, Chronister K. , et al. Delivering direct acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C to highly marginalised and current drug injecting populations in a targeted primary health care setting. Int J Drug Policy 2017; 47: 209-215
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 80 Olafsson S, Tyrfingsson T, Runarsdottir V. , et al. Treatment as Prevention for Hepatitis C (TraP Hep C) - a nationwide elimination programme in Iceland using direct-acting antiviral agents. J Intern Med 2018; 283 (05) 500-507
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 81 WHO. UNODC, UNAIDS Technical Guide for Countries to Set Targets for Universal Access to HIV Prevention, Treatment and Care for Injecting Drug Users – 2012 Revision. World Health Organization. 2012. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77969/9789241504379_eng.pdf;jsessionid=A7DFE2BB27329EB4A29D45B1D544EAA2?sequence=1 . Accessed June 27, 2018
    PubMed
  • 82 Scott N, Ólafsson S, Gottfreðsson M. , et al. Modelling the elimination of hepatitis C as a public health threat in Iceland: a goal attainable by 2020. J Hepatol 2018; 68 (05) 932-939
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 83 Butsashvili M. Hepatitis C Elimination Program in Georgia. Available at: https://www.eiseverywhere.com/file_uploads/6bec0fda57a3fa45db503d570d21a18d_1515FriMaiaButsashvili.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 84 Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs. Strategic Plan for the Elimination of Hepatitis C Virus in Georgia, 2016–2020. Tbilisi, Georgia: Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs; 2016. http://www.moh.gov.ge/uploads/files/2017/akordeoni/failebi/Georgia_HCV_Elimination_Strategy_2016-2020.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 85 ClinicalTrials.gov. Evaluating treatment as prevention among people who inject drugs in Dundee for HCV (ERAPID HCV). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT03356405?view=record . Accessed June 27, 2018
    PubMed
  • 86 Papadopoulos N, Argiana V, Deutsch M. Hepatitis C infection in patients with hereditary bleeding disorders: epidemiology, natural history, and management. Ann Gastroenterol 2018; 31 (01) 35-41
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 87 Uemura H, Tsukada K, Mizushima D. , et al. Interferon-free therapy with direct acting antivirals for HCV/HIV-1 co-infected Japanese patients with inherited bleeding disorders. PLoS One 2017; 12 (10) e0186255
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 88 Walsh CE, Workowski K, Terrault NA. , et al. Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir and sofosbuvir plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C and bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2017; 23 (02) 198-206
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 89 Sinakos E, Kountouras D, Koskinas J. , et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with direct-acting antivirals in patients with β-thalassaemia major and advanced liver disease. Br J Haematol 2017; 178 (01) 130-136
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 90 Zachou K, Arvaniti P, Gatselis NK. , et al. Patients with haemoglobinopathies and chronic hepatitis C: a real difficult to treat population in 2016?. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2017; 9 (01) e2017003
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 91 Department of Health. Press Release. Harris Hails Effective Eradication of Hepatitis C in Haemophilia Patients a Great Achievement for Ireland. December 22, 2016. http://health.gov.ie/blog/press-release/harris-hails-effective-eradication-of-hepatitis-c-in-haemophilia-patients-a-great-achievement-for-ireland/ . Accessed 17 April 2018
    PubMed
  • 92 Matičič M, Lekše A, Kozinc M. , et al. Micro-Elimination of Hepatitis C among Patients with Congenital Bleeding Disorders in Slovenia. Slide presentation at the EASL International Liver Congress, April 11–15, 2018, Paris, France [Abstract no. THU 146]. https://ilc-congress.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/ebooks/scientific_programme/index.html#p=192 . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 93 Zampino R, Coppola N, Sagnelli C, Di Caprio G, Sagnelli E. Hepatitis C virus infection and prisoners: epidemiology, outcome and treatment. World J Hepatol 2015; 7 (21) 2323-2330
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 94 Fridriksdottir RH, Fridriksdottir H, Alexiusdottir K. , et al. Outcomes of Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the Prison Setting in the TrapHepC (Treatment as Prevention for Hepatitis C) Program in Iceland. Poster presented at: International Symposium on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users; September 6–8, 2017; Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
    PubMed
  • 95 MacDonald R, Akiyama MJ, Kopolow A. , et al. Feasibility of treating hepatitis C in a transient jail population. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4 (03) ofx142
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 96 Martin NK, Vickerman P, Brew IF. , et al. Is increased hepatitis C virus case-finding combined with current or 8-week to 12-week direct-acting antiviral therapy cost-effective in UK prisons? A prevention benefit analysis. Hepatology 2016; 63 (06) 1796-1808
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 97 Bartlett SR, Fox P, Cabatingan H. , et al. Demonstration of near-elimination of hepatitis C virus among a prison population: the Lotus Glen Correctional Centre hepatitis C treatment project. Clin Infect Dis 2018; (e -pub ahead of print )
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 98 Wright NMJ, Tompkins CNE, Farragher TM. Injecting drug use in prison: prevalence and implications for needle exchange policy. Int J Prison Health 2015; 11 (01) 17-29
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 99 Lafferty L, Rance J, Treloar C. Who goes first? Understanding hepatitis C risk among injecting networks in the prison setting. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 183: 96-101
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 100 Lloyd AR, Clegg J, Lange J. , et al. Safety and effectiveness of a nurse-led outreach program for assessment and treatment of chronic hepatitis C in the custodial setting. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56 (08) 1078-1084
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 101 Papaluca T, McDonald L, Craigie A. , et al. Outcomes of a nurse-led model of care for HCV treatment in Victorian prisons. Slide presentation at the Australasian Viral Hepatitis Elimination Conference (AVHEC), August 10–11, 2017, Cairns, Queensland, Australia. https://az659834.vo.msecnd.net/eventsairaueprod/production-ashm-public/c56e6906b81344febe63b9f5f53a6743 . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 102 Crespo J. A Program of Testing and Treat Intended to Eliminate Hepatitis C in a Prison: The JAILFREE-C Study. AASLD Liver Learning. Nov 12, 2016; 143810. http://liverlearning.aasld.org/aasld/2016/thelivermeeting/143810/javier.crespo.a.program.of.testing.and.treat.intended.to.eliminate.hepatitis.c.html . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 103 Cuadrado A, Llerena S, Cobo C. , et al. Microenvironment eradication of hepatitis C: a novel treatment paradigm. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; . [Epub ahead of print]
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 104 Beckwith CG, Kurth AE, Bazerman LB. , et al. A pilot study of rapid hepatitis C virus testing in the Rhode Island Department of Corrections. J Public Health (Oxf) 2016; 38 (01) 130-137
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 105 Samur S, Kues B, Ayer T. , et al. Cost effectiveness of pre- vs post-liver transplant Hepatitis C treatment with direct-acting antivirals. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16 (01) 115-122.e10
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 106 Liapakis A, Formica RN, Levitsky J. Solid organ transplantation of viral hepatitis C positive donor organs into viral hepatitis C negative recipients. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2018; 23 (02) 257-263
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 107 Holscher CM, Durand CM, Desai NM. Expanding the use of organs from hepatitis C-viremic donors: the evidence continues to build. Transplantation 2018; 102 (04) 546-547
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 108 World Health Organization. Monitoring and Evaluation for Viral Hepatitis B and C: Recommended Indicators and Framework. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204790/1/9789241510288_eng.pdf?ua=1 . Accessed May 10, 2018
    PubMed
  • 109 EASL. Hepatitis C Virus Elimination Programmes Report Encouraging Results: Is Elimination Within Reach? [Public release]. https://ilc-congress.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ILC-2018-Press-Kit_FRI_SATv3.pdf . Accessed April 23, 2018
    PubMed
  • 110 El-Shabrawi MH, Kamal NM. Burden of pediatric hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19 (44) 7880-7888
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 111 Indolfi G, Hierro L, Dezsofi A. , et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in children: a position paper by the Hepatology Committee of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66 (03) 505-515
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 112 Lindsay A. Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Infection with HIV and Hepatitis C of Persons with Haemophilia and Related Matters. Dublin: The Stationery Office, Government of Ireland; 2002. http://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Tribunal-of-Inquiry-into-the-Infection-with-HIV-and-Hep-C-of-persons-with-Haemophilia-and-Related-Matters.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
    PubMed
  • 113 Irish Haemophilia Society. Press Release. Irish Haemophilia Society Announces the Effective Eradication of Hepatitis C in People with Haemophilia in Ireland. December 22, 2016. https://haemophilia.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/22-12-16-Eradication-of-Hep-C-Press-Release.pdf . Accessed 11 May 2018
    PubMed
  • 114 National Hepatitis C Treatment Programme. Ireland's Health Service. https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/primarycare/hepcprogramme.html . Accessed April 24, 2018
    PubMed