CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Thromb Haemost 2018; 118(08): 1491-1506
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Concepts and Controversies in Haemostasis and Thrombosis Associated with Liver Disease: Proceedings of the 7th International Coagulation in Liver Disease Conference
October 6th and 7th, 2017 Rome, Italy
N. M. Intagliata
1
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
,
C. K. Argo
1
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
,
J. G. Stine
2
Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
,
T. Lisman
3
Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
,
S. H. Caldwell
1
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
,
F. Violi
4
I Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
,
On behalf of the faculty of the 7th International Coagulation in Liver Disease
(
Mario Angelico
5
Italy
,
Curt Argo
6
United States
,
Stefania Basili
7
Italy
,
Lars Bechmann
8
Germany
,
Will Bernal
9
United Kingdom
,
Harry Büller
10
Netherlands
,
Steve Caldwell
11
United States
,
Juan C. Garcia-Pagan
12
Barcelona, Spain
,
Edoardo Giannini
13
Italy
,
Charles Greenberg
14
United States
,
Nicolas Intagliata
15
United States
,
Craig Jenne
16
Canada
,
Sam Lee
17
Canada
,
Ton Lisman
18
Netherlands
,
James Luyendyk
19
United States
,
Maria Magnusson
20
Sweden
,
Hillary Maitland
21
United States
,
Susan Mallett
22
United Kingdom
,
Nahum Mendez-Sanchez
23
Mexico
,
Santiago Munoz
24
United States
,
Patrick Northup
25
United States
,
Valeria Raparelli
26
Italy
,
Pierre E. Rautou
27
France
,
Adrian Reuben
28
United States
,
Oliviero Riggio
29
Italy
,
Marco Senzolo
30
Italy
,
Neeral Shah
31
United States
,
Paolo Simioni
32
Italy
,
Simon Stanworth
33
United Kingdom
,
Jonathan Stine
34
United States
,
Bartley Thornburg
35
United States
,
Dominique Valla
36
France
,
Erica Villa
37
Italy
,
Francesco Violi
38
Italy
) › Author Affiliations
References
1
Atkins D,
Best D,
Briss PA.
, et al; GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004; 328 (7454): 1490
2
Tripodi A,
Mannucci PM.
The coagulopathy of chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 2011; 365 (02) 147-156
3
Lisman T,
Porte RJ.
Rebalanced hemostasis in patients with liver disease: evidence and clinical consequences. Blood 2010; 116 (06) 878-885
4
Northup PG,
Caldwell SH.
Coagulation in liver disease: a guide for the clinician. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11 (09) 1064-1074
5
Caldwell SH,
Hoffman M,
Lisman T.
, et al; Coagulation in Liver Disease Group. Coagulation disorders and hemostasis in liver disease: pathophysiology and critical assessment of current management. Hepatology 2006; 44 (04) 1039-1046
6
Ewe K.
Bleeding after liver biopsy does not correlate with indices of peripheral coagulation. Dig Dis Sci 1981; 26 (05) 388-393
7
Trotter JF,
Olson J,
Lefkowitz J,
Smith AD,
Arjal R,
Kenison J.
Changes in international normalized ratio (INR) and model for endstage liver disease (MELD) based on selection of clinical laboratory. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (06) 1624-1628
8
Tripodi A,
Caldwell SH,
Hoffman M,
Trotter JF,
Sanyal AJ.
Review article: the prothrombin time test as a measure of bleeding risk and prognosis in liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26 (02) 141-148
9
Lisman T,
Bakhtiari K,
Pereboom IT,
Hendriks HG,
Meijers JC,
Porte RJ.
Normal to increased thrombin generation in patients undergoing liver transplantation despite prolonged conventional coagulation tests. J Hepatol 2010; 52 (03) 355-361
10
Tripodi A,
Salerno F,
Chantarangkul V.
, et al. Evidence of normal thrombin generation in cirrhosis despite abnormal conventional coagulation tests. Hepatology 2005; 41 (03) 553-558
11
Tripodi A,
Primignani M,
Chantarangkul V.
, et al. An imbalance of pro- vs anti-coagulation factors in plasma from patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2009; 137 (06) 2105-2111
12
Tripodi A,
Primignani M,
Lemma L.
, et al. Detection of the imbalance of procoagulant versus anticoagulant factors in cirrhosis by a simple laboratory method. Hepatology 2010; 52 (01) 249-255
13
Tripodi A,
Primignani M,
Lemma L,
Chantarangkul V,
Mannucci PM.
Evidence that low protein C contributes to the procoagulant imbalance in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2013; 59 (02) 265-270
14
Giannini EG,
Savarino V.
Thrombocytopenia in liver disease. Curr Opin Hematol 2008; 15 (05) 473-480
15
Tripodi A,
Primignani M,
Chantarangkul V.
, et al. Thrombin generation in patients with cirrhosis: the role of platelets. Hepatology 2006; 44 (02) 440-445
16
Giannini EG,
Greco A,
Marenco S,
Andorno E,
Valente U,
Savarino V.
Incidence of bleeding following invasive procedures in patients with thrombocytopenia and advanced liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8 (10) 899-902 , quiz e109
17
Napolitano G,
Iacobellis A,
Merla A.
, et al. Bleeding after invasive procedures is rare and unpredicted by platelet counts in cirrhotic patients with thrombocytopenia. Eur J Intern Med 2017; 38: 79-82
18
Tripodi A,
Primignani M,
Chantarangkul V.
, et al. Global hemostasis tests in patients with cirrhosis before and after prophylactic platelet transfusion. Liver Int 2013; 33 (03) 362-367
19
Rockey DC,
Caldwell SH,
Goodman ZD,
Nelson RC,
Smith AD.
; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Liver biopsy. Hepatology 2009; 49 (03) 1017-1044
20
Mallett SV.
Clinical utility of viscoelastic tests of coagulation (TEG/ROTEM) in patients with liver disease and during liver transplantation. Semin Thromb Hemost 2015; 41 (05) 527-537
21
Zahr Eldeen F,
Roll GR,
Derosas C.
, et al. Preoperative thromboelastography as a sensitive tool predicting those at risk of developing early hepatic artery thrombosis after adult liver transplantation. Transplantation 2016; 100 (11) 2382-2390
22
Tafur LA,
Taura P,
Blasi A.
, et al. Rotation thromboelastometry velocity curve predicts blood loss during liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth 2016; 117 (06) 741-748
23
De Pietri L,
Bianchini M,
Rompianesi G,
Bertellini E,
Begliomini B.
Thromboelastographic reference ranges for a cirrhotic patient population undergoing liver transplantation. World J Transplant 2016; 6 (03) 583-593
24
Abuelkasem E,
Mazzeffi MA,
Lu SY,
Planinsic RM,
Sakai T,
Tanaka KA.
Ex vivo evaluation of 4 different viscoelastic assays for detecting moderate to severe coagulopathy during liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2016; 22 (04) 468-475
25
Abuelkasem E,
Lu S,
Tanaka K,
Planinsic R,
Sakai T.
Comparison between thrombelastography and thromboelastometry in hyperfibrinolysis detection during adult liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth 2016; 116 (04) 507-512
26
Seo H,
Choi JH,
Moon YJ,
Jeong SM.
FIBTEM of thromboelastometry does not accurately represent fibrinogen concentration in patients with severe hypofibrinogenemia during liver transplantation. Ann Transplant 2015; 20: 342-350
27
Roullet S,
Freyburger G,
Cruc M.
, et al. Management of bleeding and transfusion during liver transplantation before and after the introduction of a rotational thromboelastometry-based algorithm. Liver Transpl 2015; 21 (02) 169-179
28
Jeong SM,
Song JG,
Seo H,
Choi JH,
Jang DM,
Hwang GS.
Quantification of both platelet count and fibrinogen concentration using maximal clot firmness of thromboelastometry during liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2015; 47 (06) 1890-1895
29
Yang Lu S,
Tanaka KA,
Abuelkasem E,
Planinsic RM,
Sakai T.
Clinical applicability of rapid thrombelastography and functional fibrinogen thrombelastography to adult liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2014; 20 (09) 1097-1105
30
Song JG,
Jeong SM,
Jun IG,
Lee HM,
Hwang GS.
Five-minute parameter of thromboelastometry is sufficient to detect thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenaemia in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112 (02) 290-297
31
Mohammed M,
Fayed N,
Hassanen A.
, et al. Rotational thromboelastometry and standard coagulation tests for live liver donors. Clin Transplant 2013; 27 (02) E101-E108
32
Krzanicki D,
Sugavanam A,
Mallett S.
Intraoperative hypercoagulability during liver transplantation as demonstrated by thromboelastography. Liver Transpl 2013; 19 (08) 852-861
33
Wang SC,
Lin HT,
Chang KY.
, et al. Use of higher thromboelastogram transfusion values is not associated with greater blood loss in liver transplant surgery. Liver Transpl 2012; 18 (10) 1254-1258
34
Blasi A,
Beltran J,
Pereira A.
, et al. An assessment of thromboelastometry to monitor blood coagulation and guide transfusion support in liver transplantation. Transfusion 2012; 52 (09) 1989-1998
35
Stancheva A,
Spassov L,
Tzatchev K.
Correlation between rotation thrombelastometry ROTEM analysis and standard haemostatic parameters during liver transplantation. Clin Lab 2011; 57 (5-6): 407-413
36
Wang SC,
Shieh JF,
Chang KY.
, et al. Thromboelastography-guided transfusion decreases intraoperative blood transfusion during orthotopic liver transplantation: randomized clinical trial. Transplant Proc 2010; 42 (07) 2590-2593
37
Trzebicki J,
Flakiewicz E,
Kosieradzki M.
, et al. The use of thromboelastometry in the assessment of hemostasis during orthotopic liver transplantation reduces the demand for blood products. Ann Transplant 2010; 15 (03) 19-24
38
Roullet S,
Pillot J,
Freyburger G.
, et al. Rotation thromboelastometry detects thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenaemia during orthotopic liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104 (04) 422-428
39
Hendriks HG,
Meijer K,
de Wolf JT.
, et al. Effects of recombinant activated factor VII on coagulation measured by thromboelastography in liver transplantation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2002; 13 (04) 309-313
40
Tripodi A,
Primignani M,
Chantarangkul V.
, et al. The coagulopathy of cirrhosis assessed by thromboelastometry and its correlation with conventional coagulation parameters. Thromb Res 2009; 124 (01) 132-136
41
Kleinegris MC,
Bos MH,
Roest M.
, et al. Cirrhosis patients have a coagulopathy that is associated with decreased clot formation capacity. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12 (10) 1647-1657
42
Hugenholtz GCG,
Lisman T,
Stravitz RT.
Thromboelastography does not predict outcome in different etiologies of cirrhosis. Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2017; 1 (02) 275-285
43
Stravitz RT,
Lisman T,
Luketic VA.
, et al. Minimal effects of acute liver injury/acute liver failure on hemostasis as assessed by thromboelastography. J Hepatol 2012; 56 (01) 129-136
44
Lloyd-Donald P,
Vasudevan A,
Angus P.
, et al. Coagulation in acutely ill patients with severe chronic liver disease: Insights from thromboelastography. J Crit Care 2017; 38: 215-224
45
Papatheodoridis GV,
Patch D,
Webster GJ,
Brooker J,
Barnes E,
Burroughs AK.
Infection and hemostasis in decompensated cirrhosis: a prospective study using thrombelastography. Hepatology 1999; 29 (04) 1085-1090
46
Chau TN,
Chan YW,
Patch D,
Tokunaga S,
Greenslade L,
Burroughs AK.
Thrombelastographic changes and early rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding. Gut 1998; 43 (02) 267-271
47
De Pietri L,
Bianchini M,
Montalti R.
, et al. Thrombelastography-guided blood product use before invasive procedures in cirrhosis with severe coagulopathy. A randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 2016; 63 (02) 566-573
48
Intagliata NM,
Caldwell SH,
Porte RJ,
Lisman T.
Prediction of bleeding in cirrhosis patients: is the forecast any clearer?. Hepatology 2016; 64 (03) 989-990
49
Gatt A,
Riddell A,
Calvaruso V,
Tuddenham EG,
Makris M,
Burroughs AK.
Enhanced thrombin generation in patients with cirrhosis-induced coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8 (09) 1994-2000
50
Senzolo M,
Rodriguez-Castro KI,
Rossetto V.
, et al. Increased anticoagulant response to low-molecular-weight heparin in plasma from patients with advanced cirrhosis. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10 (09) 1823-1829
51
Tripodi A,
Chantarangkul V,
Primignani M.
, et al. Thrombin generation in plasma from patients with cirrhosis supplemented with normal plasma: considerations on the efficacy of treatment with fresh-frozen plasma. Intern Emerg Med 2012; 7 (02) 139-144
52
Groeneveld D,
Porte RJ,
Lisman T.
Thrombomodulin-modified thrombin generation testing detects a hypercoagulable state in patients with cirrhosis regardless of the exact experimental conditions. Thromb Res 2014; 134 (03) 753-756
53
Tripodi A,
Fracanzani AL,
Primignani M.
, et al. Procoagulant imbalance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2014; 61 (01) 148-154
54
Magnusson M,
Berndtsson M,
Fischler B.
, et al. Thrombin generation test in children and adolescents with chronic liver disease. Thromb Res 2015; 135 (02) 382-387
55
Hemker HC,
Willems GM,
Béguin S.
A computer assisted method to obtain the prothrombin activation velocity in whole plasma independent of thrombin decay processes. Thromb Haemost 1986; 56 (01) 9-17
56
Hemker HC,
Béguin S.
Thrombin generation in plasma: its assessment via the endogenous thrombin potential. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74 (01) 134-138
57
Hemker HC,
Giesen P,
AlDieri R.
, et al. The calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT): a universal routine test for hyper- and hypocoagulability. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2002; 32 (5-6): 249-253
58
Tripodi A.
Thrombin generation assay and its application in the clinical laboratory. Clin Chem 2016; 62 (05) 699-707
59
Dargaud Y,
Wolberg AS,
Luddington R.
, et al. Evaluation of a standardized protocol for thrombin generation measurement using the calibrated automated thrombogram: an international multicentre study. Thromb Res 2012; 130 (06) 929-934
60
Ninivaggi M,
Apitz-Castro R,
Dargaud Y,
de Laat B,
Hemker HC,
Lindhout T.
Whole-blood thrombin generation monitored with a calibrated automated thrombogram-based assay. Clin Chem 2012; 58 (08) 1252-1259
61
Lisman T,
Leebeek FW,
Mosnier LO.
, et al. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor deficiency in cirrhosis is not associated with increased plasma fibrinolysis. Gastroenterology 2001; 121 (01) 131-139
62
Colucci M,
Binetti BM,
Branca MG.
, et al. Deficiency of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in cirrhosis is associated with increased plasma fibrinolysis. Hepatology 2003; 38 (01) 230-237
63
Stravitz RT.
Potential applications of thromboelastography in patients with acute and chronic liver disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2012; 8 (08) 513-520
64
Rijken DC,
Kock EL,
Guimarães AH.
, et al. Evidence for an enhanced fibrinolytic capacity in cirrhosis as measured with two different global fibrinolysis tests. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10 (10) 2116-2122
65
Peterson TJ,
Webb AM,
Vipler BS.
Use of thromboelastography in the management of liver cirrhosis and accelerated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis (AICF). BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016: xx
66
Goodpasture EW.
Fibrinolysis in chronic hepatic insufficiency. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1914; 25: 330-336
67
Palascak JE,
Martinez J.
Dysfibrinogenemia associated with liver disease. J Clin Invest 1977; 60 (01) 89-95
68
Brodsky I,
Dennis LH.
Evaluation of fibrinolysis in hepatic cirrhosis. Relation of serial thrombin time and euglobulin lysis time. Am J Clin Pathol 1966; 45 (01) 61-69
69
Violi F,
Ferro D,
Basili S.
, et al. Hyperfibrinolysis increases the risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology 1992; 15 (04) 672-676
70
Violi F,
Ferro D,
Basili S.
, et al. Hyperfibrinolysis resulting from clotting activation in patients with different degrees of cirrhosis. The CALC Group. Coagulation abnormalities in liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993; 17 (01) 78-83
71
Ferro D,
Celestini A,
Violi F.
Hyperfibrinolysis in liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2009; 13 (01) 21-31
72
Ben-Ari Z,
Osman E,
Hutton RA,
Burroughs AK.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in liver cirrhosis: fact or fiction?. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94 (10) 2977-2982
73
Boks AL,
Brommer EJ,
Schalm SW,
Van Vliet HH.
Hemostasis and fibrinolysis in severe liver failure and their relation to hemorrhage. Hepatology 1986; 6 (01) 79-86
74
Violl F,
Basili S,
Ferro D,
Quintarelli C,
Alessandril C,
Cordova C.
; CALC Group. Association between high values of D-dimer and tissue-plasminogen activator activity and first gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Thromb Haemost 1996; 76 (02) 177-183
75
Joist JH.
AICF and DIC in liver cirrhosis: expressions of a hypercoagulable state. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94 (10) 2801-2803
76
Hu KQ,
Yu AS,
Tiyyagura L,
Redeker AG,
Reynolds TB.
Hyperfibrinolytic activity in hospitalized cirrhotic patients in a referral liver unit. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96 (05) 1581-1586
77
Gunawan B,
Runyon B.
The efficacy and safety of epsilon-aminocaproic acid treatment in patients with cirrhosis and hyperfibrinolysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23 (01) 115-120
78
Violi F,
Ferro D,
Basili S.
, et al. Association between low-grade disseminated intravascular coagulation and endotoxemia in patients with liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1995; 109 (02) 531-539
79
Agarwal S,
Joyner Jr KA,
Swaim MW.
Ascites fluid as a possible origin for hyperfibrinolysis in advanced liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95 (11) 3218-3224
80
DeAngelis GA,
Khot R,
Haskal ZJ.
, et al. Bleeding risk and management in interventional procedures in chronic liver disease. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016; 27 (11) 1665-1674
81
Hung A,
Garcia-Tsao G.
Acute kidney injury, but not sepsis, is associated with higher procedure-related bleeding in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Liver Int 2018;
82
Montalto P,
Vlachogiannakos J,
Cox DJ,
Pastacaldi S,
Patch D,
Burroughs AK.
Bacterial infection in cirrhosis impairs coagulation by a heparin effect: a prospective study. J Hepatol 2002; 37 (04) 463-470
83
Senzolo M,
Riddell A,
Tuddenham E,
Burroughs AK.
Endogenous heparinoids contribute to coagulopathy in patients with liver disease. J Hepatol 2008; 48 (02) 371-372
84
Senzolo M,
Cholongitas E,
Thalheimer U.
, et al. Heparin-like effect in liver disease and liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis 2009; 13 (01) 43-53
85
Kalambokis GN,
Oikonomou A,
Christou L.
, et al. von Willebrand factor and procoagulant imbalance predict outcome in patients with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia. J Hepatol 2016; 65 (05) 921-928
86
Bedreli S,
Sowa JP,
Gerken G,
Saner FH,
Canbay A.
Management of acute-on-chronic liver failure: rotational thromboelastometry may reduce substitution of coagulation factors in liver cirrhosis. Gut 2016; 65 (02) 357-358
87
De Pietri L,
Bianchini M,
Montalti R.
, et al. Thrombelastography-guided blood product use before invasive procedures in cirrhosis with severe coagulopathy: A randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2016; 63 (02) 566-573
88
Cocero N,
Bezzi M,
Martini S,
Carossa S.
Oral surgical treatment of patients with chronic liver disease: assessments of bleeding and its relationship with thrombocytopenia and blood coagulation parameters. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 75 (01) 28-34
89
Drolz A,
Horvatits T,
Roedl K.
, et al. Coagulation parameters and major bleeding in critically ill patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2016; 64 (02) 556-568
90
Napolitano G,
Iacobellis A,
Merla A.
, et al. Bleeding after invasive procedures is rare and unpredicted by platelet counts in cirrhotic patients with thrombocytopenia. Eur J Intern Med 2017; 38: 79-82
91
Vieira da Rocha EC,
D'Amico EA,
Caldwell SH.
, et al. A prospective study of conventional and expanded coagulation indices in predicting ulcer bleeding after variceal band ligation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7 (09) 988-993
92
Vanbiervliet G,
Giudicelli-Bornard S,
Piche T.
, et al. Predictive factors of bleeding related to post-banding ulcer following endoscopic variceal ligation in cirrhotic patients: a case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32 (02) 225-232
93
Lisman T,
Bongers TN,
Adelmeijer J.
, et al. Elevated levels of von Willebrand Factor in cirrhosis support platelet adhesion despite reduced functional capacity. Hepatology 2006; 44 (01) 53-61
94
Raparelli V,
Basili S,
Carnevale R.
, et al. Low-grade endotoxemia and platelet activation in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2017; 65 (02) 571-581
95
Rautou PE,
Vion AC,
Valla D,
Boulanger CM.
Circulating platelet derived microparticles are not increased in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2013; 59 (04) 912
96
Mannucci PM,
Tripodi A.
Hemostatic defects in liver and renal dysfunction. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2012; 2012: 168-173
97
Zwaginga JJ,
Ijsseldijk MJ,
Beeser-Visser N,
de Groot PG,
Vos J,
Sixma JJ.
High von Willebrand factor concentration compensates a relative adhesion defect in uremic blood. Blood 1990; 75 (07) 1498-1508
98
Castillo R,
Lozano T,
Escolar G,
Revert L,
López J,
Ordinas A.
Defective platelet adhesion on vessel subendothelium in uremic patients. Blood 1986; 68 (02) 337-342
99
Violi F,
Pignatelli P.
Eltrombopag before procedures in patients with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (21) 2056
100
Lisman T,
Porte RJ.
Eltrombopag before procedures in patients with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (21) 2055-2056
101
Afdhal NH,
Giannini EG,
Tayyab G.
, et al; ELEVATE Study Group. Eltrombopag before procedures in patients with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (08) 716-724
102
Terrault N,
Chen YC.
, et al. Avatrombopag before procedures reduces need for platelet transfusion in patients with chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia. Gastroenterology 2018;
103
Izumi NOY,
Yamamoto K,
Osaki Y,
Imawari M.
A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of lusutrombopag for thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing elective invasive procedures in Japan (L-PLUS 1). [abstract no. LB-30] J Hepatol 2015; 62 (06) 1397A-1398A
104
Stanca CM,
Montazem AH,
Lawal A,
Zhang JX,
Schiano TD.
Intranasal desmopressin versus blood transfusion in cirrhotic patients with coagulopathy undergoing dental extraction: a randomized controlled trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 68 (01) 138-143
105
de Franchis R,
Arcidiacono PG,
Carpinelli L.
, et al. Randomized controlled trial of desmopressin plus terlipressin vs. terlipressin alone for the treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients: a multicenter, double-blind study. New Italian Endoscopic Club. Hepatology 1993; 18 (05) 1102-1107
106
Fraser IS,
Porte RJ,
Kouides PA,
Lukes AS.
A benefit-risk review of systemic haemostatic agents: part 1: in major surgery. Drug Saf 2008; 31 (03) 217-230
107
Wong AY,
Irwin MG,
Hui TW,
Fung SK,
Fan ST,
Ma ES.
Desmopressin does not decrease blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing hepatectomy. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50 (01) 14-20
108
Arshad F,
Stoof SC,
Leebeek FW.
, et al. Infusion of DDAVP does not improve primary hemostasis in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Int 2015; 35 (07) 1809-1815
109
Bolliger D,
Szlam F,
Molinaro RJ,
Rahe-Meyer N,
Levy JH,
Tanaka KA.
Finding the optimal concentration range for fibrinogen replacement after severe haemodilution: an in vitro model. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102 (06) 793-799
110
Hugenholtz GC,
Macrae F,
Adelmeijer J.
, et al. Procoagulant changes in fibrin clot structure in patients with cirrhosis are associated with oxidative modifications of fibrinogen. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14 (05) 1054-1066
111
Franchini M,
Lippi G.
Fibrinogen replacement therapy: a critical review of the literature. Blood Transfus 2012; 10 (01) 23-27
112
Lisman T,
Kleiss SF,
Patel VC.
, et al. In vitro efficacy of pro- and anticoagulant strategies in acutely ill patients with cirrhosis. Abstract 533 Hepatology 2017; 66 (S1): 292A
113
Lorenz R,
Kienast J,
Otto U.
, et al. Efficacy and safety of a prothrombin complex concentrate with two virus-inactivation steps in patients with severe liver damage. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15 (01) 15-20
114
Mannucci PM,
Franchi F,
Dioguardi N.
Correction of abnormal coagulation in chronic liver disease by combined use of fresh-frozen plasma and prothrombin complex concentrates. Lancet 1976; 2 (7985): 542-545
115
Bosch J,
Thabut D,
Albillos A.
, et al; International Study Group on rFVIIa in UGI Hemorrhage. Recombinant factor VIIa for variceal bleeding in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2008; 47 (05) 1604-1614
116
Bosch J,
Thabut D,
Bendtsen F.
, et al; European Study Group on rFVIIa in UGI Haemorrhage. Recombinant factor VIIa for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind trial. Gastroenterology 2004; 127 (04) 1123-1130
117
Bendtsen F,
D'Amico G,
Rusch E.
, et al. Effect of recombinant Factor VIIa on outcome of acute variceal bleeding: an individual patient based meta-analysis of two controlled trials. J Hepatol 2014; 61 (02) 252-259
118
Franchini M,
Mannucci PM.
Adjunct agents for bleeding. Curr Opin Hematol 2014; 21 (06) 503-508
119
Stewart DBMV.
Therapy with Antifibrinolytic Agents. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams, Wilkins, Wolters Kluwer; 2013
120
Slaughter TF,
Faghih F,
Greenberg CS,
Leslie JB,
Sladen RN.
The effects of epsilon-aminocaproic acid on fibrinolysis and thrombin generation during cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 1997; 85 (06) 1221-1226
121
Dentz ME,
Slaughter TF,
Mark JB.
Early thrombus formation on heparin-bonded pulmonary artery catheters in patients receiving epsilon aminocaproic acid. Anesthesiology 1995; 82 (02) 583-586
122
Porte RJ,
Molenaar IQ,
Begliomini B.
, et al; EMSALT Study Group. Aprotinin and transfusion requirements in orthotopic liver transplantation: a multicentre randomised double-blind study. Lancet 2000; 355 (9212): 1303-1309
123
Ramsay MA.
Con: antifibrinolytics are not safe and effective in patients undergoing liver transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2006; 20 (06) 891-893
124
Fergusson DA,
Hébert PC,
Mazer CD.
, et al; BART Investigators. A comparison of aprotinin and lysine analogues in high-risk cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (22) 2319-2331
125
Okuda K,
Ohnishi K,
Kimura K.
, et al. Incidence of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. An angiographic study in 708 patients. Gastroenterology 1985; 89 (02) 279-286
126
Francoz C,
Belghiti J,
Vilgrain V.
, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in candidates for liver transplantation: usefulness of screening and anticoagulation. Gut 2005; 54 (05) 691-697
127
Amitrano L,
Guardascione MA,
Brancaccio V.
, et al. Risk factors and clinical presentation of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2004; 40 (05) 736-741
128
Zocco MA,
Di Stasio E,
De Cristofaro R.
, et al. Thrombotic risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis: correlation with MELD scoring system and portal vein thrombosis development. J Hepatol 2009; 51 (04) 682-689
129
Stine JG,
Wang J,
Shah PM.
, et al. Decreased portal vein velocity is predictive of the development of portal vein thrombosis: a matched case-control study. Liver Int 2018; 38 (01) 94-101
130
Zironi G,
Gaiani S,
Fenyves D,
Rigamonti A,
Bolondi L,
Barbara L.
Value of measurement of mean portal flow velocity by Doppler flowmetry in the diagnosis of portal hypertension. J Hepatol 1992; 16 (03) 298-303
131
Zoli M,
Iervese T,
Merkel C.
, et al. Prognostic significance of portal hemodynamics in patients with compensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1993; 17 (01) 56-61
132
Qi X,
De Stefano V,
Wang J.
, et al. Prevalence of inherited antithrombin, protein C, and protein S deficiencies in portal vein system thrombosis and Budd-Chiari syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 (03) 432-442
133
Stine JG,
Shah NL,
Argo CK,
Pelletier SJ,
Caldwell SH,
Northup PG.
Increased risk of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver Transpl 2015; 21 (08) 1016-1021
134
Stine JG,
Argo CK,
Pelletier SJ,
Maluf DG,
Caldwell SH,
Northup PG.
Advanced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis: a high-risk population for pre-liver transplant portal vein thrombosis. World J Hepatol 2017; 9 (03) 139-146
135
Ghabril M,
Agarwal S,
Lacerda M,
Chalasani N,
Kwo P,
Tector AJ.
Portal vein thrombosis is a risk factor for poor early outcomes after liver transplantation: analysis of risk factors and outcomes for portal vein thrombosis in waitlisted patients. Transplantation 2016; 100 (01) 126-133
136
Maruyama H,
Okugawa H,
Takahashi M,
Yokosuka O.
De novo portal vein thrombosis in virus-related cirrhosis: predictive factors and long-term outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108 (04) 568-574
137
Qi X,
De Stefano V,
Senzolo M,
Xu H,
Mancuso A.
Splanchnic vein thrombosis: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015: 506136
138
Stine JG,
Shah PM,
Cornella SL.
, et al. Portal vein thrombosis, mortality and hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. World J Hepatol 2015; 7 (27) 2774-2780
139
D'Amico G,
De Franchis R.
; Cooperative Study Group. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 2003; 38 (03) 599-612
140
Augustin S,
Altamirano J,
González A.
, et al. Effectiveness of combined pharmacologic and ligation therapy in high-risk patients with acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106 (10) 1787-1795
141
Amitrano L,
Guardascione MA,
Menchise A.
, et al. Safety and efficacy of anticoagulation therapy with low molecular weight heparin for portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44 (06) 448-451
142
Nery F,
Chevret S,
Condat B.
, et al; Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement du Carcinome Hépatocellulaire. Causes and consequences of portal vein thrombosis in 1,243 patients with cirrhosis: results of a longitudinal study. Hepatology 2015; 61 (02) 660-667
143
Francoz C,
Valla D,
Durand F.
Portal vein thrombosis, cirrhosis, and liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2012; 57 (01) 203-212
144
Stine JG,
Pelletier SJ,
Schmitt TM,
Porte RJ,
Northup PG.
Pre-transplant portal vein thrombosis is an independent risk factor for graft loss due to hepatic artery thrombosis in liver transplant recipients. HPB 2016; 18 (03) 279-286
145
Englesbe MJ,
Kubus J,
Muhammad W.
, et al. Portal vein thrombosis and survival in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2010; 16 (01) 83-90
146
Englesbe MJ,
Schaubel DE,
Cai S,
Guidinger MK,
Merion RM.
Portal vein thrombosis and liver transplant survival benefit. Liver Transpl 2010; 16 (08) 999-1005
147
Rodríguez-Castro KI,
Porte RJ,
Nadal E,
Germani G,
Burra P,
Senzolo M.
Management of nonneoplastic portal vein thrombosis in the setting of liver transplantation: a systematic review. Transplantation 2012; 94 (11) 1145-1153
148
Ravaioli M,
Zanello M,
Grazi GL.
, et al. Portal vein thrombosis and liver transplantation: evolution during 10 years of experience at the University of Bologna. Ann Surg 2011; 253 (02) 378-384
149
Wu G,
Liu YF,
Liu SR,
Zhang JL,
Chen XC,
Cheng DH.
Liver transplantation in end-stage liver disease with portal vein thrombosis [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2009; 47 (08) 590-593
150
Yerdel MA,
Gunson B,
Mirza D.
, et al. Portal vein thrombosis in adults undergoing liver transplantation: risk factors, screening, management, and outcome. Transplantation 2000; 69 (09) 1873-1881
151
Hibi T,
Nishida S,
Levi DM.
, et al. When and why portal vein thrombosis matters in liver transplantation: a critical audit of 174 cases. Ann Surg 2014; 259 (04) 760-766
152
Ponziani FR,
Zocco MA,
Campanale C.
, et al. Portal vein thrombosis: insight into physiopathology, diagnosis, and treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16 (02) 143-155
153
Chawla Y,
Duseja A,
Dhiman RK.
Review article: the modern management of portal vein thrombosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30 (09) 881-894
154
Parikh S,
Shah R,
Kapoor P.
Portal vein thrombosis. Am J Med 2010; 123 (02) 111-119
155
Bayraktar Y,
Harmanci O.
Etiology and consequences of thrombosis in abdominal vessels. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12 (08) 1165-1174
156
Margini C,
Berzigotti A.
Portal vein thrombosis: the role of imaging in the clinical setting. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49 (02) 113-120
157
Nonami T,
Yokoyama I,
Iwatsuki S,
Starzl TE.
The incidence of portal vein thrombosis at liver transplantation. Hepatology 1992; 16 (05) 1195-1198
158
Sarin SK,
Philips CA,
Kamath PS.
, et al. Toward a comprehensive new classification of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2016; 151 (04) 574-577.e3
159
Amitrano L,
Brancaccio V,
Guardascione MA.
, et al. Portal vein thrombosis after variceal endoscopic sclerotherapy in cirrhotic patients: role of genetic thrombophilia. Endoscopy 2002; 34 (07) 535-538
160
Erkan O,
Bozdayi AM,
Disibeyaz S.
, et al. Thrombophilic gene mutations in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17 (03) 339-343
161
Saugel B,
Lee M,
Feichtinger S,
Hapfelmeier A,
Schmid RM,
Siveke JT.
Thrombophilic factor analysis in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015; 40 (01) 54-60
162
Basit SA,
Stone CD,
Gish R.
Portal vein thrombosis. Clin Liver Dis 2015; 19 (01) 199-221
163
Delgado MG,
Seijo S,
Yepes I.
, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation on patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10 (07) 776-783
164
Dhar A,
Mullish BH,
Thursz MR.
Anticoagulation in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 2017; 66 (06) 1313-1326
165 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu. EASL clinical practice guidelines: vascular diseases of the liver. J Hepatol 2016; 64 (01) 179-202
166
de Franchis R.
. Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2015; 63 (03) 743-752
167
Stine JG,
Northup PG.
Coagulopathy before and after liver transplantation: from the hepatic to the systemic circulatory systems. Clin Liver Dis 2017; 21 (02) 253-274
168
Ageno W,
Riva N,
Schulman S.
, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of splanchnic vein thrombosis: results of an international registry. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175 (09) 1474-1480
169
Cui SB,
Shu RH,
Yan SP.
, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation therapy with different doses of enoxaparin for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27 (08) 914-919
170
Naeshiro N,
Aikata H,
Hyogo H.
, et al. Efficacy and safety of the anticoagulant drug, danaparoid sodium, in the treatment of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 2015; 45 (06) 656-662
171
Dell'Era A,
Iannuzzi F,
Fabris FM.
, et al. Impact of portal vein thrombosis on the efficacy of endoscopic variceal band ligation. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46 (02) 152-156
172
Werner KT,
Sando S,
Carey EJ.
, et al. Portal vein thrombosis in patients with end stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation: outcome of anticoagulation. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58 (06) 1776-1780
173
Senzolo M,
, M
Sartori T,
Rossetto V.
, et al. Prospective evaluation of anticoagulation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis. Liver Int 2012; 32 (06) 919-927
174
Amitrano L,
Guardascione MA,
Menchise A.
, et al. Safety and efficacy of anticoagulation therapy with low molecular weight heparin for portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44 (06) 448-451
175
Intagliata NM,
Henry ZH,
Maitland H.
, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants in cirrhosis patients pose similar risks of bleeding when compared to traditional anticoagulation. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61 (06) 1721-1727
176
Chen H,
Liu L,
Qi X.
, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation in more advanced portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28 (01) 82-89
177
De Gottardi A,
Trebicka J,
Klinger C.
, et al; VALDIG Investigators. Antithrombotic treatment with direct-acting oral anticoagulants in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis and cirrhosis. Liver Int 2017; 37 (05) 694-699
178
Riva N,
Ageno W,
Schulman S.
, et al; International Registry on Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis (IRSVT) study group. Clinical history and antithrombotic treatment of incidentally detected splanchnic vein thrombosis: a multicentre, international prospective registry. Lancet Haematol 2016; 3 (06) e267-e275
179
Ageno W,
Riva N,
Schulman S.
, et al. Long-term Clinical Outcomes of Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis: Results of an International Registry. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175 (09) 1474-1480
180
Samama MM,
Cohen AT,
Darmon JY.
, et al; Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with Enoxaparin Study Group. A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. N Engl J Med 1999; 341 (11) 793-800
181
Bechmann LP,
Sichau M,
Wichert M,
Gerken G,
Kröger K,
Hilgard P.
Low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Liver Int 2011; 31 (01) 75-82
182
Qi X,
De Stefano V,
Li H,
Dai J,
Guo X,
Fan D.
Anticoagulation for the treatment of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Intern Med 2015; 26 (01) 23-29
183
Cerini F,
Gonzalez JM,
Torres F.
, et al. Impact of anticoagulation on upper-gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis. A retrospective multicenter study. Hepatology 2015; 62 (02) 575-583
184
Francoz C,
Valla D,
Durand F.
Portal vein thrombosis, cirrhosis, and liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2012; 57 (01) 203-212
185
Kinjo N,
Kawanaka H,
Akahoshi T.
, et al. Portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. World J Hepatol 2014; 6 (02) 64-71
186
Levi M,
Hovingh GK,
Cannegieter SC,
Vermeulen M,
Büller HR,
Rosendaal FR.
Bleeding in patients receiving vitamin K antagonists who would have been excluded from trials on which the indication for anticoagulation was based. Blood 2008; 111 (09) 4471-4476
187
Lisman T,
Porte RJ.
Towards a rational use of low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Int 2011; 31 (07) 1063
188
Potze W,
Arshad F,
Adelmeijer J.
, et al. Routine coagulation assays underestimate levels of antithrombin-dependent drugs but not of direct anticoagulant drugs in plasma from patients with cirrhosis. Br J Haematol 2013; 163 (05) 666-673
189
Potze W,
Arshad F,
Adelmeijer J.
, et al. Differential in vitro inhibition of thrombin generation by anticoagulant drugs in plasma from patients with cirrhosis. PLoS One 2014; 9 (02) e88390
190
Garcia DA,
Baglin TP,
Weitz JI,
Samama MM.
Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141 (2 Suppl): e24S-e43S
191
Intagliata NM,
Maitland H,
Caldwell SH.
Direct oral anticoagulants in cirrhosis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2016; 14 (02) 247-256
192
Potze W,
Adelmeijer J,
Lisman T.
Decreased in vitro anticoagulant potency of rivaroxaban and apixaban in plasma from patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2015; 61 (04) 1435-1436
193
Martinez M,
Tandra A,
Vuppalanchi R.
Treatment of acute portal vein thrombosis by nontraditional anticoagulation. Hepatology 2014; 60 (01) 425-426
194
Intagliata NM,
Maitland H,
Northup PG,
Caldwell SH.
Treating thrombosis in cirrhosis patients with new oral agents: ready or not?. Hepatology 2015; 61 (02) 738-739
195
Intagliata NM,
Henry ZH,
Maitland H.
, et al. Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Cirrhosis Patients Pose Similar Risks of Bleeding When Compared to Traditional Anticoagulation. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61 (06) 1721-1727
196
Rogers KC,
Shelton MP,
Finks SW.
Reversal agents for direct oral anticoagulants: understanding new and upcoming options. Cardiol Rev 2016; 24 (06) 310-315
197
Hu TY,
Vaidya VR,
Asirvatham SJ.
Reversing anticoagulant effects of novel oral anticoagulants: role of ciraparantag, andexanet alfa, and idarucizumab. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2016; 12: 35-44
198
Intagliata NM,
Maitland H,
Pellitier S,
Caldwell SH.
Reversal of direct oral anticoagulants for liver transplantation in cirrhosis: A step forward. Liver Transpl 2017; 23 (03) 396-397
199
Siegal DM,
Curnutte JT,
Connolly SJ.
, et al. Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor activity. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (25) 2413-2424
200
Eerenberg ES,
Kamphuisen PW,
Sijpkens MK,
Meijers JC,
Buller HR,
Levi M.
Reversal of rivaroxaban and dabigatran by prothrombin complex concentrate: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy subjects. Circulation 2011; 124 (14) 1573-1579
201
Levi M,
Moore KT,
Castillejos CF.
, et al. Comparison of three-factor and four-factor prothrombin complex concentrates regarding reversal of the anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban in healthy volunteers. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12 (09) 1428-1436
202
Chen H,
Turon F,
Hernández-Gea V.
, et al. Nontumoral portal vein thrombosis in patients awaiting liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2016; 22 (03) 352-365
203
Stine JG,
Shah PM,
Cornella SL.
, et al. Portal vein thrombosis, mortality and hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. World J Hepatol 2015; 7 (27) 2774-2780
204
Villa E,
Cammà C,
Marietta M.
, et al. Enoxaparin prevents portal vein thrombosis and liver decompensation in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2012; 143 (05) 1253-60.e1 , 4
205
Senzolo M,
Tibbals J,
Cholongitas E,
Triantos CK,
Burroughs AK,
Patch D.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal vein thrombosis with and without cavernous transformation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23 (06) 767-775
206
Van Ha TG,
Hodge J,
Funaki B.
, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement in patients with cirrhosis and concomitant portal vein thrombosis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2006; 29 (05) 785-790
207
Senzolo M,
Patch D,
Cholongitas E,
Burroughs AK.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal vein thrombosis with and without underlying cirrhosis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007; 30 (03) 545 , author reply 546
208
Luca A,
Miraglia R,
Caruso S.
, et al. Short- and long-term effects of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 2011; 60 (06) 846-852
209
Salem R,
Vouche M,
Baker T.
, et al. Pretransplant portal vein recanalization-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with complete obliterative portal vein thrombosis. Transplantation 2015; 99 (11) 2347-2355
210
Thornburg B,
Desai K,
Hickey R.
, et al. Portal vein recanalization and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for chronic portal vein thrombosis: technical considerations. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2016; 19 (01) 52-60
211
Wang Z,
Jiang MS,
Zhang HL.
, et al. Is post-TIPS anticoagulation therapy necessary in patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis? A randomized controlled trial. Radiology 2016; 279 (03) 943-951
212
Habib A,
Desai K,
Hickey R.
, et al. Portal vein recanalization-transjugularintrahepatic portosystemic shunt using the transsplenic approach to achieve transplant candidacy in patients with chronic portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015; 26 (04) 499-506
213
Khoury H,
Welner S,
Kubin M,
Folkerts K,
Haas S.
Disease burden and unmet needs for prevention of venous thromboembolism in medically ill patients in Europe show underutilisation of preventive therapies. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106 (04) 600-608
214
Northup PG,
McMahon MM,
Ruhl AP.
, et al. Coagulopathy does not fully protect hospitalized cirrhosis patients from peripheral venous thromboembolism. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101 (07) 1524-1528 , quiz 1680
215
Gulley D,
Teal E,
Suvannasankha A,
Chalasani N,
Liangpunsakul S.
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in cirrhosis patients. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53 (11) 3012-3017
216
Søgaard KK,
Horváth-Puhó E,
Grønbaek H,
Jepsen P,
Vilstrup H,
Sørensen HT.
Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with liver disease: a nationwide population-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104 (01) 96-101
217
Dabbagh O,
Oza A,
Prakash S,
Sunna R,
Saettele TM.
Coagulopathy does not protect against venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with chronic liver disease. Chest 2010; 137 (05) 1145-1149
218
Vivarelli M,
Zanello M,
Zanfi C.
, et al. Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: is it necessary?. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16 (17) 2146-2150
219
Wu H,
Nguyen GC.
Liver cirrhosis is associated with venous thromboembolism among hospitalized patients in a nationwide US study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8 (09) 800-805
220
Aldawood A,
Arabi Y,
Aljumah A.
, et al. The incidence of venous thromboembolism and practice of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in hospitalized cirrhotic patients. Thromb J 2011; 9 (01) 1
221
Ali M,
Ananthakrishnan AN,
McGinley EL,
Saeian K.
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: a nationwide analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56 (07) 2152-2159
222
Ambrosino P,
Tarantino L,
Di Minno G.
, et al. The risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cirrhosis. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117 (01) 139-148
223
Bogari H,
Patanwala AE,
Cosgrove R,
Katz M.
Risk-assessment and pharmacological prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with chronic liver disease. Thromb Res 2014; 134 (06) 1220-1223
224
Intagliata NM,
Henry ZH,
Shah N,
Lisman T,
Caldwell SH,
Northup PG.
Prophylactic anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized cirrhosis patients is not associated with high rates of gastrointestinal bleeding. Liver Int 2014; 34 (01) 26-32
225
Shatzel J,
Dulai PS,
Harbin D.
, et al. Safety and efficacy of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis for hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: a single-center retrospective cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13 (07) 1245-1253
226
Barbar S,
Noventa F,
Rossetto V.
, et al. A risk assessment model for the identification of hospitalized medical patients at risk for venous thromboembolism: the Padua Prediction Score. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8 (11) 2450-2457
227
Kahn SR,
Lim W,
Dunn AS.
, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141 (2, Suppl): e195S-e226S
228
Spyropoulos AC,
Anderson Jr FA,
FitzGerald G.
, et al; IMPROVE Investigators. Predictive and associative models to identify hospitalized medical patients at risk for VTE. Chest 2011; 140 (03) 706-714
229
Tapson VF,
Decousus H,
Pini M.
, et al; IMPROVE Investigators. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in acutely ill hospitalized medical patients: findings from the International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism. Chest 2007; 132 (03) 936-945
230
Senzolo M,
Sartori MT,
Lisman T.
Should we give thromboprophylaxis to patients with liver cirrhosis and coagulopathy?. HPB 2009; 11 (06) 459-464
231
Bechmann LP,
Sichau M,
Wichert M,
Gerken G,
Kröger K,
Hilgard P.
Low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Liver Int 2011; 31 (01) 75-82
232
García-Fuster MJ,
Abdilla N,
Fabiá MJ,
Fernández C,
Oliver V,
Forner MJ.
Venous thromboembolism and liver cirrhosis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2008; 100 (05) 259-262
233
Delgado MG,
Seijo S,
Yepes I.
, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation on patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10 (07) 776-783
234
Maruyama H,
Takahashi M,
Shimada T,
Yokosuka O.
Emergency anticoagulation treatment for cirrhosis patients with portal vein thrombosis and acute variceal bleeding. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47 (06) 686-691
235
Senzolo M,
, M Sartori T,
Rossetto V.
, et al. Prospective evaluation of anticoagulation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis. Liver Int 2012; 32 (06) 919-927
236
Hum J,
Shatzel JJ,
Jou JH,
Deloughery TG.
The efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants vs traditional anticoagulants in cirrhosis. Eur J Haematol 2017; 98 (04) 393-397
237
Kearon C,
Akl EA,
Ornelas J.
, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2016; 149 (02) 315-352
238
Middeldorp S.
Inherited thrombophilia: a double-edged sword. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2016; 2016 (01) 1-9
