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Neuropediatrics 2019; 50(01): 002-014
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1673630
Review Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Inherited Disorders of Neurotransmitters: Classification and Practical Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment

Heiko Brennenstuhl
1   Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
,
Sabine Jung-Klawitter
1   Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
,
Birgit Assmann
1   Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
,
Thomas Opladen
1   Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

02 May 2018

22 August 2018

Publication Date:
29 October 2018 (online)

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Failing TransmissionNeuropediatrics 2019; 50(01): 001-001
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1675559

Abstract

Neurotransmitter deficiencies are rare neurological disorders with clinical onset during childhood. The disorders are caused by genetic defects in the enzymes involved in synthesis, degradation, or transport of neurotransmitters or by defects in the cofactor biosynthesis such as tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). With the newly described DNAJC12 deficiency, a chaperon-associated neurotransmitter disorder, the pathophysiological spectrum has been broadened. All deficiencies result in a lack of monoamine neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and its products, with a subset leading to decreased levels of serotonin. Symptoms can occur already in the neonatal period. Classical signs are hypotonia, movement disorders, autonomous dysregulations, and impaired development. Diagnosis depends on quantitative detection of neurotransmitters in cerebrospinal fluid, since peripheral markers in blood or urine are less reliable. Treatment is based on supplementation of the missing neurotransmitter precursors or restoring deficient cofactors for endogenous enzymatic synthesis. In recent years, knowledge about this orphan group of diseases increased substantially among clinicians. However, the difficult task of integrating clinical symptoms and laboratory values still leads to a critical delay in diagnosis and therapy for patients. This review aims at enhancing the understanding of neurotransmitter disorders and should help practicing clinicians to choose useful diagnostic steps on the way to a valid diagnosis.

Keywords

inherited monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency - pterin synthesis defect - pediatric movement disorders - parkinsonism - dystonia - L-dopa

Review Criteria

PubMed was used to find English full-text articles published between January 1987 and July 2018 corresponding to the terms “monoamine,” “neurotransmitter,” “pediatric,” and “deficiency.” Articles were carefully read, and distinct reference articles were further investigated for clinically relevant research.


 

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