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Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 39(05): 578-587
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1673657
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Infectious Complications in Critically Ill Liver Failure Patients

Amanda Cheung
1   Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
,
Sajal Tanna
2   Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
,
Michael G. Ison
2   Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
28 November 2018 (online)

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Abstract

Infections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with liver failure. A number of factors, including relative immune dysfunction and systemic inflammation, bacterial translocation, gut dysbiosis, small intestine bacterial overgrowth, altered bile acid pools, and changes in pH due to acid suppression, contribute to the high rates of infection in this population. Though a range of infections can complicate the course of cirrhotic patients, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), cholangitis, and cholecystitis in addition to other infections (i.e. pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, and Clostridioides difficile colitis) are more common in this population and will be reviewed in this article. Preventative strategies are directed at minimizing the risk of SBP through the use of targeted antimicrobial prophylaxis. Lastly, the critically ill cirrhotic patient may present with an acute need for liver transplantation. Thus, careful assessment for ongoing infection should be performed and treated to optimize outcomes of transplant, if needed.

Keywords

cirrhosis - spontaneous bacterial peritonitis - cholangitis - cholecystitis - pneumonia - UTI - bacteremia and C. difficile colitis

* Co-first authors.


 

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