Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Joints 2018; 06(03): 188-203
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1675799
Review Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Uncommon Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Anna Palazzolo
1   Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Università degli studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
,
Federica Rosso
2   Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AO Ordine Mauriziano, Turin, Italy
,
Davide Edoardo Bonasia
2   Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AO Ordine Mauriziano, Turin, Italy
,
Francesco Saccia
3   Orthopaedics and Traumatology Unit, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Turin, Italy
,
Roberto Rossi
2   Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AO Ordine Mauriziano, Turin, Italy
,
Knee Committee SIGASCOT › Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

15 January 2018

07 October 2018

Publication Date:
30 November 2018 (online)

   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) is a common surgical procedure, with good outcome in 75 to 97% of the cases. However, different complications have been described including infection, hemarthrosis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism (PE) with a rate ranging from 1 to 15%. There are few case reports in the literature describing rare complications after ACL-R and they can be divided into: (1) complications related to the fixation device (rupture, migration); (2) fractures (tibial or femoral side); (3) infections due to uncommon bacteria, mycobacterium, and mycosis; (4) rare vascular injuries; (5) nerve injuries; and (6) other rare complications. In case of fixation device rupture or migration, device removal can be easy but the diagnosis may be challenging. Patellar fracture after ACL-R may be related to harvesting and it is not uncommon. Conversely, femoral or tibial fractures are most frequently due to bone weakness related to bone tunnels. Some rare infections related to uncommon bacteria or mycosis are also described with potentially devastating joint damage. Popliteal artery injuries are uncommon in ACL-R but minor vessels damages are described with possible severe consequences for patients. Injuries to the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve are not uncommon in ACL-R. However, there are few case reports also describing injuries to the saphenous nerve, the common peroneal nerve and the sciatic nerve. The aim of this paper is to review the literature describing uncommon complications after ACL-R, giving some more information about diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords

complication - rare - uncommon - anterior cruciate ligament - reconstruction
 

  • References

  • 1 Kaeding CC, Léger-St-Jean B, Magnussen RA. epidemiology and diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Clin Sports Med 2017; 36 (01) 1-8
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Baer GS, Harner CD. Clinical outcomes of allograft versus autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Sports Med 2007; 26 (04) 661-681
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 McCullough KA, Phelps KD, Spindler KP. , et al; MOON Group. Return to high school- and college-level football after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) cohort study. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40 (11): 2523-2529
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Tay KS, Tan AHC. Clinical Outcomes, Return to Sports, and Patient Satisfaction After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Young and Middle-Aged Patients in an Asian Population-A 2-Year Follow-up Study. Arthroscopy 2018; 34 (04) 1054-1059
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Samitier G, Marcano AI, Alentorn-Geli E, Cugat R, Farmer KW, Moser MW. Failure of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arch Bone Jt Surg 2015; 3 (04) 220-240
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Cinque ME, Chahla J, Moatshe G. , et al. Outcomes and complication rates after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are similar in younger and older patients. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5 (10) 2325967117729659
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Nadarajah V, Roach R, Ganta A, Alaia MJ, Shah MR. Primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: perioperative considerations and complications. Phys Sportsmed 2017; 45 (02) 165-177
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Gaskill T, Pullen M, Bryant B, Sicignano N, Evans AM, DeMaio M. The prevalence of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43 (11) 2714-2719
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Jameson SS, Dowen D, James P, Serrano-Pedraza I, Reed MR, Deehan DJ. The burden of arthroscopy of the knee: a contemporary analysis of data from the English NHS. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2011; 93 (10) 1327-1333
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Gobbi A, Karnatzikos G, Chaurasia S, Abhishek M, Bulgherhoni E, Lane J. Postoperative infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Sports Health 2016; 8 (02) 187-189
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Katz LM, Battaglia TC, Patino P, Reichmann W, Hunter DJ, Richmond JC. A retrospective comparison of the incidence of bacterial infection following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autograft versus allograft. Arthroscopy 2008; 24 (12) 1330-1335
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Van Tongel A, Stuyck J, Bellemans J, Vandenneucker H. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a retrospective analysis of incidence, management and outcome. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35 (07) 1059-1063
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Bansal A, Lamplot JD, VandenBerg J, Brophy RH. Meta-analysis of the risk of infections after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by graft type. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46 (06) 1500-1508
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Barker JU, Drakos MC, Maak TG, Warren RF, Williams III RJ, Allen AA. Effect of graft selection on the incidence of postoperative infection in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38 (02) 281-286
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Judd D, Bottoni C, Kim D, Burke M, Hooker S. Infections following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2006; 22 (04) 375-384
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Yu A, Prentice HA, Burfeind WE, Funahashi T, Maletis GB. Risk of infection after allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: are nonprocessed allografts more likely to get infected? A cohort study of over 10,000 allografts. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46 (04) 846-851
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Busam ML, Provencher MT, Bach Jr BR. Complications of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone constructs: care and prevention. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36 (02) 379-394
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Burrus MT, Werner BC, Crow AJ. , et al. Increased failure rates after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with soft-tissue autograft-allograft hybrid grafts. Arthroscopy 2015; 31 (12) 2342-2351
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 McCormack RG, Greenhow RJ, Fogagnolo F, Shrier I. Intra-articular drain versus no drain after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized, prospective clinical trial. Arthroscopy 2006; 22 (08) 889-893
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Saccomanni B. Graft fixation alternatives in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Musculoskelet Surg 2011; 95 (03) 183-191
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Debieux P, Franciozi CE, Lenza M. , et al. Bioabsorbable versus metallic interference screws for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 7: CD009772
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 McGuire DA, Barber FA, Elrod BF, Paulos LE. Bioabsorbable interference screws for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1999; 15 (05) 463-473
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Lembeck B, Wülker N. Severe cartilage damage by broken poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) interference screw after ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2005; 13 (04) 283-286
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Bollen SM, van der Hoeven H. Broken delta interference screw after ACL reconstruction: a report of two cases. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006; 14 (09) 903-906
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Huang MD, Tan HA. Broken bioabsorbable tibial interference screw after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using a semitendinosus-gracilis graft: a case report. Malays Orthop J 2012; 6 (03) 42-44
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Metcalfe AJ, James SH, Fairclough JA. Spontaneous locking of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction as a result of a broken tibial fixation device. Arthroscopy 2008; 24 (10) 1195-1197
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Martinek V, Seil R, Lattermann C, Watkins SC, Fu FH. The fate of the poly-L-lactic acid interference screw after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2001; 17 (01) 73-76
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Resinger C, Vécsei V, Heinz T, Nau T. The removal of a dislocated femoral interference screw through a posteromedial portal. Arthroscopy 2005; 21 (11) 1398
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Wilson TC, Kantaras A, Atay A, Johnson DL. Tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32 (02) 543-549
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Krappel FA, Bauer E, Harland U. The migration of a BioScrew as a differential diagnosis of knee pain, locking after ACL reconstruction: a report of two cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2006; 126 (09) 615-620
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Bottoni CR, Deberardino TM, Fester EW, Mitchell D, Penrod BJ. An intra-articular bioabsorbable interference screw mimicking an acute meniscal tear 8 months after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2000; 16 (04) 395-398
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Sassmannshausen G, Carr CF. Transcutaneous migration of a tibial bioabsorbable interference screw after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2003; 19 (09) E133 –E136
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Frosch S, Rittstieg A, Balcarek P. , et al. Bioabsorbable interference screw versus bioabsorbable cross pins: influence of femoral graft fixation on the clinical outcome after ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20 (11) 2251-2256
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Han I, Kim YH, Yoo JH, Seong SC, Kim TK. Broken bioabsorbable femoral cross-pin after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon graft: a case report. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (11) 1742-1745
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Papastergiou SG, Koukoulias NE, Ziogas E, Dimitriadis T, Voulgaropoulos H. Broken bioabsorbable femoral cross-pin as a cause of a chondral lesion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. BMJ Case Rep 2009; 2009: bcr09.2008.0883
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Cossey AJ, Paterson RS. Loose intra-articular body following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2005; 21 (03) 348-350
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Muneta T, Yagishita K, Kurihara Y, Sekiya I. Intra-articular detachment of the Endobutton more than 18 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1999; 15 (07) 775-778
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Yanmiş I, Tunay S, Oğuz E, Yildiz C, Ozkan H, Kirdemir V. Dropping of an EndoButton into the knee joint 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament repair using proximal fixation methods. Arthroscopy 2004; 20 (06) 641-643
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Ho SW, Lee KT. A rare case of intra-articular displacement of EndoButton following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop Surg 2017; 9 (04) 534-536
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Lee GH, McCulloch P, Cole BJ, Bush-Joseph CA, Bach Jr BR. The incidence of acute patellar tendon harvest complications for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2008; 24 (02) 162-166
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Burstein AH, Currey J, Frankel VH, Heiple KG, Lunseth P, Vessely JC. Bone strength. The effect of screw holes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1972; 54 (06) 1143-1156
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Konan S, Haddad FS. Femoral fracture following knee ligament reconstruction surgery due to an unpredictable complication of bioabsorbable screw fixation: a case report and review of literature. J Orthop Traumatol 2010; 11 (01) 51-55
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Mithöfer K, Gill TJ, Vrahas MS. Tibial plateau fracture following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2004; 12 (04) 325-328
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Wong JJ, Muir B. Insufficiency fracture of the tibial plateau after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery: a case report and review of the literature. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2013; 57 (02) 123-131
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Voos JE, Drakos MC, Lorich DG, Fealy S. Proximal tibia fracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft: a case report. HSS J 2008; 4 (01) 20-24
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 de Oliveira Carneiro M, de Almeida Monteiro T, Zenovello Bueno MR, Augustin Júnior JL. Fracture of the proximal extremity of the tibia after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: case report. Rev Bras Ortop 2015; 50 (03) 356-359
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Thaunat M, Nourissat G, Gaudin P, Beaufils P. Tibial plateau fracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Role of the interference screw resorption in the stress riser effect. Knee 2006; 13 (03) 241-243
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Yoon JR, Jeong HI, Wang JH, Jang KM, Yang JH. Tibial plateau fracture after single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using post-tie washer-screw fixation. J Orthop Sci 2015; 20 (01) 205-208
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Sundaram RO, Cohen D, Barton-Hanson N. Tibial plateau fracture following gracilis-semitendinosus anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: the tibial tunnel stress-riser. Knee 2006; 13 (03) 238-240
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Moen KY, Boynton MD, Raasch WG. Fracture of the proximal tibia after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a case report. Am J Orthop 1998; 27 (09) 629-630
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 el-Hage ZM, Mohammed A, Griffiths D, Richardson JB. Tibial plateau fracture following allograft anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Injury 1998; 29 (01) 73-74
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Delcogliano A, Chiossi S, Caporaso A, Franzese S, Menghi A. Tibial plateau fracture after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2001; 17 (04) E16
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Polyzois I, Manidakis N, Graham S, Tsiridis E. An unusual periarticular fracture following ipsilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009; 17 (05) 503-507
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Bae KC, Cho CH, Lee KJ, Jeon JH. Bilateral medial tibial plateau fracture after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Relat Res 2015; 27 (02) 129-132
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Anderson AW, Smith JJ. Proximal tibial fracture after patellar tendon autograft for ipsilateral ACL reconstruction. J Knee Surg 2009; 22 (02) 142-144
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Thietje R, Faschingbauer M, Nürnberg HJ. [Spontaneous fracture of the tibia after replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament with absorbable interference screws. A case report and review of the literature]. Unfallchirurg 2000; 103 (07) 594-596
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Morgan E, Steensen RN. Traumatic proximal tibial fracture following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Knee Surg 1998; 11 (03) 193-194
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Brown MJ, Bisson LJ, Anders MJ. Tibial tubercle fracture after bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft. Am J Orthop 2016; 45 (07) E469-E471
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Han Y, Sardar Z, McGrail S, Steffen T, Martineau PA. Peri-anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction femur fracture: a biomechanical analysis of the femoral tunnel as a stress riser. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011; 19 (Suppl (Suppl. 01) S77-S85
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Noah J, Sherman OH, Roberts C. Fracture of the supracondylar femur after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon and iliotibial band tenodesis. A case report. Am J Sports Med 1992; 20 (05) 615-618
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Manktelow AR, Haddad FS, Goddard NJ. Late lateral femoral condyle fracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A case report. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26 (04) 587-590
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Arriaza R, Señaris J, Couceiro G, Aizpurua J. Stress fractures of the femur after ACL reconstruction with transfemoral fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006; 14 (11) 1148-1150
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 Jayadev C, Kochhar T, Back DL, Ratnakumar K. Supracondylar femoral fracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with transfemoral fixation. J Knee Surg 2009; 22 (04) 364-366
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Julien TP, Ramappa AJ, Rodriguez EK. Femoral condylar fracture through a femoral tunnel eleven years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92 (04) 963-967
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Montgomery CO, Evans RP. Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of a medial femoral condylar fracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 (04) 863-868
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Radler C, Wozasek GE, Seitz H, Vécsei V. Distal femoral fracture through the screw hole of a ligament augmentation device fixation. Arthroscopy 2000; 16 (07) 737-739
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Sheps DM, Reed JG, Hildebrand KA, Hiemstra LA. Supracondylar femur fracture after endoscopic anterior cruciate reconstruction using an EndoButton. Clin J Sport Med 2006; 16 (05) 428-429
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Wiener DF, Siliski JM. Distal femoral shaft fracture: a complication of endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A case report. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24 (02) 244-247
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Berg EE. Lateral femoral condyle fracture after endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1994; 10 (06) 693-695
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Ternes JP, Blasier RB, Alexander AH. Fracture of the femur after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a GORE-TEX prosthetic graft. A case report. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21 (01) 147-149
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Thangamani VB, Flanigan DC, Merk BR. Intra-articular distal femur fracture extending from an expanded femoral tunnel in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructed knee: a case report. J Trauma 2009; 67 (06) E209-E212
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Coobs BR, Spiridonov SI, LaPrade RF. Intra-articular lateral femoral condyle fracture following an ACL revision reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010; 18 (09) 1290-1293
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 73 Stein DA, Hunt SA, Rosen JE, Sherman OH. The incidence and outcome of patella fractures after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2002; 18 (06) 578-583
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Keyhani S, Vaziri AS, Shafiei H, Mardani-Kivi M. Femoral condyle fracture during revision of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: case report and a review of literature. Arch Bone Jt Surg 2015; 3 (02) 137-140
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Dowen D, Kakkar R, Dildey P, Gerrand C. Pain and fracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction caused by giant cell tumour of the distal femur. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013 . Doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-010422
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Heng CH, Wang BdeH, Chang PC. Distal femoral fracture after double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43 (04) 953-956
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 Stucken C, Garras DN, Shaner JL, Cohen SB. Infections in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Sports Health 2013; 5 (06) 553-557
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Maletis GB, Inacio MC, Reynolds S, Desmond JL, Maletis MM, Funahashi TT. Incidence of postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction infections: graft choice makes a difference. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41 (08) 1780-1785
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Mei-Dan O, Mann G, Steinbacher G, Ballester SJ, Cugat RB, Alvarez PD. Septic arthritis with Staphylococcus lugdunensis following arthroscopic ACL revision with BPTB allograft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2008; 16 (01) 15-18
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 O'Neill BJ, Molloy AP, McCarthy T. Osteomyelitis of the tibia following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Int J Surg Case Rep 2013; 4 (02) 143-145
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Nag HL, Neogi DS, Nataraj AR, Kumar VA, Yadav CS, Singh U. Tubercular infection after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2009; 25 (02) 131-136
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Park DY, Kim JY, Choi KU. , et al. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction with histopathologic features for diagnosis of tuberculosis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded histologic specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127 (03) 326-330
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Oh HL, Chen DB, Seeto BG, Macdessi SJ. Mycobacterium fortuitum infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a polylactic acid bioabsorbable screw: Case report. Knee 2010; 17 (02) 176-178
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 Mirzatolooei F. Outbreak of serial knee joint sepsis after arthroscopic surgery: a case series with the guideline for treatment. Acta Med Iran 2014; 52 (04) 310-314
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Muscolo DL, Carbo L, Aponte-Tinao LA, Ayerza MA, Makino A. Massive bone loss from fungal infection after anterior cruciate ligament arthroscopic reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467 (09) 2420-2425
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 Sun L, Zhang L, Wang K, Wang W, Tian M. Fungal osteomyelitis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a case report with review of the literature. Knee 2012; 19 (05) 728-731
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Rossi R, Bonasia DE, Blonna D, Assom M, Castoldi F. Prospective follow-up of a simple arthroscopic-assisted technique for lateral tibial plateau fractures: results at 5 years. Knee 2008; 15 (05) 378-383
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Sadat U, Naik J, Verma P. , et al. Endovascular management of pseudoaneurysms following lower limb orthopedic surgery. Am J Orthop 2008; 37 (05) E99-E102
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Zawodny SR, Miller MD. Complications of posterior cruciate ligament surgery. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2010; 18 (04) 269-274
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Tsubosaka M, Matsushita T, Kuroda R, Matsumoto T, Kurosaka M. Pseudoaneurysm of the articular branch of the descending genicular artery following double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25 (09) 2721-2724
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 91 Lamo-Espinosa JM, Llombart Blanco R, Valentí JR. Inferior lateral genicular artery injury during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Case Rep Surg 2012; 2012: 457198
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Kim SB, Lim JW, Seo JG, Ha JK. Injury to the anterior tibial artery during bicortical tibial drilling in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop Surg 2016; 8 (01) 110-114
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 Kartus J, Ejerhed L, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. The localization of the infrapatellar nerves in the anterior knee region with special emphasis on central third patellar tendon harvest: a dissection study on cadaver and amputated specimens. Arthroscopy 1999; 15 (06) 577-586
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 Papastergiou SG, Voulgaropoulos H, Mikalef P, Ziogas E, Pappis G, Giannakopoulos I. Injuries to the infrapatellar branch(es) of the saphenous nerve in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with four-strand hamstring tendon autograft: vertical versus horizontal incision for harvest. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006; 14 (08) 789-793
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 95 Nelissen E, van Arkel ER, Hazelbag HM. Traumatic neuroma of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve after hamstring harvesting. J Knee Surg 2010; 23 (04) 233-236
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Bertram C, Porsch M, Hackenbroch MH, Terhaag D. Saphenous neuralgia after arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a semitendinosus and gracilis tendon graft. Arthroscopy 2000; 16 (07) 763-766
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 97 Vardi G. Sciatic nerve injury following hamstring harvest. Knee 2004; 11 (01) 37-39
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Blakey CM, Biant LC. Transection of the common peroneal nerve during harvesting of tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 (07) 1567-1569
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 99 Papoutsidakis A, Drosos GI, Koukou OI, Piskopakis N, Verettas DA. Peroneal nerve damage by bicortical tibial screw in ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010; 18 (06) 794-796
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 100 McCarthy EF, Sundaram M. Heterotopic ossification: a review. Skeletal Radiol 2005; 34 (10) 609-619
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 101 Muir B. Myositis ossificans traumatica of the deltoid ligament in a 34 year old recreational ice hockey player with a 15 year post-trauma follow-up: a case report and review of the literature. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2010; 54 (04) 229-242
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 102 Yamagami R, Taketomi S, Inui H, Sanada T, Nakagawa T, Tanaka S. Myositis ossificans after navigated knee surgery: a report of two cases and literature review. Knee 2016; 23 (03) 561-564
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 103 Rajani R, Ogden L, Matthews CJ, Gibbs CP. Diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis as a rare cause of graft failure following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthopedics 2018; 41 (01) e142 –e144
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar