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J Knee Surg 2019; 32(01): 026-036
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676370
Special Focus Section
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Amniotic Tissue Modulation of Knee Pain—A Focus on Osteoarthritis

Charles P. Hannon
1   Section of Cartilage Restoration and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
,
Adam B. Yanke
1   Section of Cartilage Restoration and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
,
Jack Farr
2   Cartilage Restoration Center, OrthoIndy Hospital, Greenwood, Indiana
3   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
› Author Affiliations
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Publication History

01 June 2018

11 November 2018

Publication Date:
13 December 2018 (online)

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Abstract

The use of intra-articular therapies as sources of growth factors, anti-inflammatory mediators, and medicinal signaling cells for osteoarthritis (OA) is rapidly evolving. Amnion, chorion, amniotic fluid, and the umbilical cord are distinct placental tissues that have been investigated for use in OA. Amniotic membrane (AM) synthesizes a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and vasoactive peptides that modulate inflammation. In addition, they contain amniotic epithelial cells and amniotic mononuclear undifferentiated stromal cells, which have chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity. AMs are also rich sources of hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans, which could play a role in the potential therapeutic relief of OA. Currently, there are several commercially available formulations of AM that differ based on content as well as how they were preserved. Understanding the processing of amniotic tissue is important because of their distinct mechanical and biologic effects of preservation on AM grafts. To date, there have been two preclinical and only one clinical study on the use of AM for OA, which show promising results. Many high level of evidence clinical trials are currently underway investigating the use of AM of OA. Future basic science and clinical research is warranted to better understand the anti-inflammatory and chondroregenerative properties of amniotic tissue and to determine clinically what amniotic tissue product is most efficacious for symptomatic OA.

Keywords

cartilage - osteoarthritis - amniotic suspension allograft - amniotic membrane - amniotic fluid
 

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