Controversies Surrounding Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient

Gina M. Iacovella; Neelja Kumar

doi:10.1055/s-0039-1697966

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 40(05): 662-672
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1697966

Review Article

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Controversies Surrounding Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient

Autoren

Gina M. Iacovella

¹Critical Care and Nephrology, The Intensivist Group and Florida Kidney Physicians, Tampa, Florida
Neelja Kumar

²Department of Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York City, New York

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) commonly occurs in the intensive care unit and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Patients with AKI often require initiation of dialysis to control electrolytes, metabolic abnormalities, and volume status. This review will discuss controversies in renal replacement therapy (RRT), including timing of dialysis initiation, dialysis modality and dose, nonrenal indications for dialysis, and the patient population best suited for RRT therapy.

Keywords

acute kidney injury - intensive care unit - renal replacement therapy

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ. , et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005; 9 (06) R700-R709
2 Hoste EA, Clermont G, Kersten A. , et al. RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis. Crit Care 2006; 10 (03) R73
3 International Society of Nephrology. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2012; 2 (Suppl. 01) 8
4 Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P. ; Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative workgroup. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004; 8 (04) R204-R212
5 Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV. , et al; Acute Kidney Injury Network. Acute kidney injury network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007; 11 (02) R31
6 Jörres A, John S, Lewington A. , et al; Ad-hoc working group of ERBP. A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) position statement on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guidelines on acute kidney injury: part 2: renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28 (12) 2940-2945
7 Zarbock A, Kellum JA, Schmidt C. , et al. Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: the ELAIN randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016; 315 (20) 2190-2199
8 Silver SA, Chertow GM. The economic consequences of acute kidney injury. Nephron 2017; 137 (04) 297-301
9 Gaudry S, Hajage D, Schortgen F. , et al; AKIKI Study Group. Initiation strategies for renal-replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2016; 375 (02) 122-133
10 Barbar SD, Clere-Jehl R, Bourredjem A. , et al; IDEAL-ICU Trial Investigators and the CRICS TRIGGERSEP Network. Timing of renal replacement therapy in patients with acute kidney injury and sepsis. N Engl J Med 2018; 379 (15) 1431-1442
11 Bagshaw SM, Lamontagne F, Joannidis M, Wald R. When to start renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: comment on AKIKI and ELAIN. Crit Care 2016; 20 (01) 245-247
12 Mendu ML, Ciociolo Jr GR, McLaughlin SR. , et al. A decision-making algorithm for initiation and discontinuation of RRT in severe AKI. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12 (02) 228-236
13 Smith OM, Wald R, Adhikari NK, Pope K, Weir MA, Bagshaw SM. ; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Standard versus accelerated initiation of renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury (STARRT-AKI): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14: 320
14 Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R. , et al; Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) Investigators. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 2005; 294 (07) 813-818
15 Nose Y. Dr. William J. Kolff: the godfather of artificial organ technologies. Artif Organs 2009; 33: 389-402
16 Kramer P, Schrader J, Bohnsack W, Grieben G, Gröne HJ, Scheler F. Continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration. A new kidney replacement therapy. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 1981; 18: 743-749
17 Ronco C, Bellomo R. Dialysis in intensive care unit patients with acute kidney injury: continuous therapy is superior. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2 (03) 597-600
18 Augustine JJ, Sandy D, Seifert TH, Paganini EP. A randomized controlled trial comparing intermittent with continuous dialysis in patients with ARF. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44 (06) 1000-1007
19 Mehta RL, McDonald B, Gabbai FB. , et al; Collaborative Group for Treatment of ARF in the ICU. A randomized clinical trial of continuous versus intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2001; 60 (03) 1154-1163
20 Vinsonneau C, Camus C, Combes A. , et al; Hemodiafe Study Group. Continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration versus intermittent haemodialysis for acute renal failure in patients with multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2006; 368 (9533): 379-385
21 Uehlinger DE, Jakob SM, Ferrari P. , et al. Comparison of continuous and intermittent renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20 (08) 1630-1637
22 Rabindranath K, Adams J, Macleod AM, Muirhead N. Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (03) CD003773
23 Bagshaw SM, Berthiaume LR, Delaney A, Bellomo R. Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2008; 36 (02) 610-617
24 Pannu N, Gibney RN. Renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2005; 1 (02) 141-150
25 Pannu N, Klarenbach S, Wiebe N, Manns B, Tonelli M. ; Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Renal replacement therapy in patients with acute renal failure: a systematic review. JAMA 2008; 299 (07) 793-805
26 Marshall MR, Golper TA, Shaver MJ, Alam MG, Chatoth DK. Sustained low-efficiency dialysis for critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy. Kidney Int 2001; 60 (02) 777-785
27 Kumar VA, Yeun JY, Depner TA, Don BR. Extended daily dialysis vs. continuous hemodialysis for ICU patients with acute renal failure: a two-year single center report. Int J Artif Organs 2004; 27 (05) 371-379
28 Kielstein JT, Kretschmer U, Ernst T. , et al. Efficacy and cardiovascular tolerability of extended dialysis in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43 (02) 342-349
29 Nash DM, Przech S, Wald R, O'Reilly D. Systematic review and meta-analysis of renal replacement therapy modalities for acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. J Crit Care 2017; 41: 138-144
30 Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P. , et al. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet 2000; 356 (9223): 26-30
31 Saudan P, Niederberger M, De Seigneux S. , et al. Adding a dialysis dose to continuous hemofiltration increases survival in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2006; 70 (07) 1312-1317
32 Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, O'Connor TZ. , et al; VA/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network. Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (01) 7-20
33 Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L. , et al; RENAL Replacement Therapy Study Investigators. Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009; 361 (17) 1627-1638
34 Tolwani AJ, Campbell RC, Stofan BS, Lai KR, Oster RA, Wille KM. Standard versus high-dose CVVHDF for ICU-related acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19 (06) 1233-1238
35 Vesconi S, Cruz DN, Fumagalli R. , et al; DOse REsponse Multicentre International collaborative Initiative (DO-RE-MI Study Group). Delivered dose of renal replacement therapy and mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2009; 13 (02) R57
36 Negash DT, Dhingra VK, Copland M, Griesdale D, Henderson W. Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2011; 45 (06) 504-510
37 Jun M, Heerspink HJ, Ninomiya T. , et al. Intensities of renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5 (06) 956-963
38 Fayad AI, Buamscha DG, Ciapponi A. Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 10: CD010613
39 Berger DS, Fellner SK, Robinson KA, Vlasica K, Godoy IE, Shroff SG. Disparate effects of three types of extracellular acidosis on left ventricular function. Am J Physiol 1999; 276 (02) H582-H594
40 Otter D, Austin C. Simultaneous monitoring of vascular contractility, intracellular pH and intracellular calcium in isolated rat mesenteric arteries; effects of weak bases. Exp Physiol 2000; 85 (03) 349-351
41 Levy B, Collin S, Sennoun N. , et al. Vascular hyporesponsiveness to vasopressors in septic shock: from bench to bedside. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36 (12) 2019-2029
42 Kimmoun A, Novy E, Auchet T, Ducrocq N, Levy B. Hemodynamic consequences of severe lactic acidosis in shock states: from bench to bedside. Crit Care 2015; 19: 175
43 Luft FC. Lactic acidosis update for critical care clinicians. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12 (Suppl. 17) S15-S19
44 Hilton PJ, Taylor J, Forni LG, Treacher DF. Bicarbonate-based haemofiltration in the management of acute renal failure with lactic acidosis. QJM 1998; 91 (04) 279-283
45 Levraut J, Ciebiera JP, Jambou P, Ichai C, Labib Y, Grimaud D. Effect of continuous venovenous hemofiltration with dialysis on lactate clearance in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1997; 25 (01) 58-62
46 Cheungpasitporn W, Zand L, Dillon JJ, Qian Q, Leung N. Lactate clearance and metabolic aspects of continuous high-volume hemofiltration. Clin Kidney J 2015; 8 (04) 374-377
47 Bernal W, Hall C, Karvellas CJ, Auzinger G, Sizer E, Wendon J. Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Hepatology 2007; 46 (06) 1844-1852
48 Clemmesen JO, Larsen FS, Kondrup J, Hansen BA, Ott P. Cerebral herniation in patients with acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration. Hepatology 1999; 29 (03) 648-653
49 Cordoba J, Blei AT, Mujais S. Determinants of ammonia clearance by hemodialysis. Artif Organs 1996; 20 (07) 800-803
50 Slack AJ, Auzinger G, Willars C. , et al. Ammonia clearance with haemofiltration in adults with liver disease. Liver Int 2014; 34 (01) 42-48
51 Davenport A, Will EJ, Davison AM. Effect of renal replacement therapy on patients with combined acute renal and fulminant hepatic failure. Kidney Int Suppl 1993; 41: S245-S251
52 Davenport A, Will EJ, Davidson AM. Improved cardiovascular stability during continuous modes of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute hepatic and renal failure. Crit Care Med 1993; 21 (03) 328-338
53 Gupta S, Fenves AZ, Hootkins R. The role of RRT in hyperammonemic patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11 (10) 1872-1878
54 Anwar S, Gupta D, Ashraf MA. , et al. Symptomatic hyperammonemia after lung transplantation: lessons learnt. Hemodial Int 2014; 18 (01) 185-191
55 Machado MC, Fonseca GM, Jukemura J. Late-onset ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency accompanying acute pancreatitis and hyperammonemia. Case Rep Med 2013; 2013: 903546
56 Cardoso FS, Gottfried M, Tujios S, Olson JC, Karvellas CJ. , US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with reduced serum ammonia levels and mortality in acute liver failure. Hepatology 2018; 67 (02) 711-720
57 Rhee C, Dantes R, Epstein L. , et al; CDC Prevention Epicenter Program. Incidence and trends of sepsis in US hospitals using clinical vs. claims data, 2009–2014. JAMA 2017; 318 (13) 1241-1249
58 Shankar-Hari M, Ambler M, Mahalingasivam V, Jones A, Rowan K, Rubenfeld GD. Evidence for a causal link between sepsis and long-term mortality: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies. Crit Care 2016; 20: 101
59 Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A. , et al; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including the Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med 2013; 41 (02) 580-637
60 Rimmelé T, Kellum JA. Clinical review: blood purification for sepsis. Crit Care 2011; 15 (01) 205
61 Kellum JA, Gómez H, Gómez A, Murray P, Ronco C. ; ADQI XIV Workgroup. Acute dialysis quality initiative (ADQI) XIV sepsis phenotypes and targets for blood purification in sepsis: the Bogota consensus. Shock 2016; 45 (03) 242-248
62 Dellinger RP, Bagshaw SM, Antonelli M. , et al; EUPHRATES Trial Investigators. Effect of targeted polymyxin B hemoperfusion on 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock and elevated endotoxin level. JAMA 2018; 320 (14) 1455-1463
63 Payen DM, Guilhot J, Launey Y. , et al; ABDOMIX Group. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in patients with septic shock due to peritonitis: a multicenter randomized control trial. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41 (06) 975-984
64 Mehta RL. Indications for dialysis in the ICU: renal replacement vs. renal support. Blood Purif 2001; 19 (02) 227-232
65 Metnitz PG, Krenn CG, Steltzer H. , et al. Effect of acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy on outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (09) 2051-2058
66 Scherer JS, Holley JL. The role of time-limited trials in dialysis decision making in critically ill patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11 (02) 344-353
67 Patel SS, Holley JL. Withholding and withdrawing dialysis in the intensive care unit: benefits derived from consulting the renal physicians association/American society of nephrology clinical practice guideline, shared decision-making in the appropriate initiation of and withdrawal from dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3 (02) 587-593
68 Renal Physicians Association. Shared Decision-Making in the Appropriate Initiation of and Withdrawal from Dialysis. 2nd ed. Rockville, MD: Renal Physicians Association; 2010
69 Keating RF, Moss AH, Sorkin MI, Paris JJ. Stopping dialysis of an incompetent patient over the family's objection: is it ever ethical and legal?. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994; 4 (11) 1879-1883
70 Allegretti AS, Parada XV, Eneanya ND. , et al. Prognosis of patients with cirrhosis and AKI who initiate RRT. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 13 (01) 16-25
71 Kish Wallace S, Martin CG, Shaw AD, Price KJ. Influence of an advance directive on the initiation of life support technology in critically ill cancer patients. Crit Care Med 2001; 29 (12) 2294-2298
72 Schell JO, Cohen RA. Communication strategies to address conflict about dialysis decision making for critically ill patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 13 (08) 1248-1250