Male-to-Female Ratios, Race/Ethnicity, and Spontaneous Preterm Birth among 11 Million California Infants

Gary M. Shaw; Jonathan A. Mayo; Michael L. Eisenberg; Ralph Catalano; David K. Stevenson

doi:10.1055/s-0039-3400449

American Journal of Perinatology, Table of Contents

Am J Perinatol 2021; 38(07): 683-689
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400449

Original Article

Male-to-Female Ratios, Race/Ethnicity, and Spontaneous Preterm Birth among 11 Million California Infants

Gary M. Shaw

¹March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center at Stanford University, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

,

Jonathan A. Mayo

¹March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center at Stanford University, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

,

Michael L. Eisenberg

²Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

,

Ralph Catalano

³School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California

,

David K. Stevenson

¹March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center at Stanford University, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Objective An observed disparity in population-scale data are a larger number of males among preterm births (PTBs). We investigated spontaneous PTB risk among women of various race/ethnic groups in combination with infants' sex.

Study Design This observational study was conducted in > 10 million California births (1991–2012) using birth certificates linked with maternal and infant hospital discharge data.

Results Male-to-female ratios among term (37–42 weeks) infants exhibited the narrow ratio range 1.02 to 1.06 across race/ethnic groups. Such ratios among spontaneous PTBs were generally larger for all race/ethnic groups except non-Hispanic blacks. For blacks, ratios tended to be lower and similar to their term birth counterpart, 1.03. Hazard ratios adjusted for maternal age and education for non-Hispanic blacks were 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90–1.09), 1.01 (95% CI 0.95–1.08), 0.98 (95% CI 0.94–1.03), and 1.03 (95% CI 1.01–1.05), respectively, for gestational week groupings of 20 to 23, 24 to 27, 28 to 321, and 32 to 36. Hazard ratios for non-Hispanic whites for the same groupings were 1.08 (95% CI 0.98–1.18), 1.13 (95% CI 1.07–1.19), 1.21 (95% CI 1.17–1.25), and 1.18 (95% CI 1.17–1.19).

Conclusion Why male-to-female ratios are similar across gestational ages in blacks but substantially higher in other race/ethnic groups is theoretically considered relative to inflammation, stress, and other influences.

Keywords

secondary sex ratio - disparity - prematurity - pregnancy

Full Text

References

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Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material