Download PDF
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 41(05): 607-617
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713008
Review Article

Overlap Syndromes in Sarcoidosis: Clinical Features and Outcomes

W. Ennis James
1   Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Susan Pearlstine Sarcoidosis Center of Excellence, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease characterized by noncaseating granulomatous inflammation. While pulmonary sarcoidosis is most common, extrapulmonary involvement occurs in 50 to 74% of patients and can be the presenting abnormality in some patients. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is based on a compatible clinical presentation in combination with granulomas on histology and exclusion of other causes. However, the absence of a diagnostic biomarker for sarcoidosis, in addition to the overlap of granulomatous inflammation and nonspecific clinical findings with other diseases, often results in a delayed diagnosis. Sarcoidosis overlap syndromes are typically described when sarcoidosis is diagnosed in the presence of another disease (concurrently or sequentially) with shared clinical and histologic features, or when sarcoidosis presents with clinical features typically observed in, but not diagnostic of, other diseases. Awareness of overlap syndromes is important for clinicians to avoid diagnostic errors and evaluate for concomitant diagnoses that may impact the management and outcome of sarcoidosis. This article is intended to provide an overview of these presentations and the most commonly associated diseases, with attention to their prevalence, clinical features, and reciprocal impacts on disease outcomes.

Keywords

sarcoidosis - overlap syndromes - sarcoid-like reactions - sarcoid–lymphoma syndrome - autoimmune disease


Publication History

Article published online:
10 August 2020

© 2020. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers
333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

 

  • References

  • 1 Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA. , et al; Case Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis (ACCESS) Research Group. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164 (10, Pt 1): 1885-1889
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Judson MA, Boan AD, Lackland DT. The clinical course of sarcoidosis: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment in a large white and black cohort in the United States. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2012; 29 (02) 119-127
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Crouser ED, Maier LA, Wilson KC. , et al. Diagnosis and detection of sarcoidosis. An official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201 (08) e26-e51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Judson MA, Thompson BW, Rabin DL. , et al; ACCESS Research Group. The diagnostic pathway to sarcoidosis. Chest 2003; 123 (02) 406-412
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Tchernev G, Tana C, Schiavone C, Cardoso JC, Ananiev J, Wollina U. Sarcoidosis vs. sarcoid-like reactions: The two sides of the same coin?. Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 164 (13-14): 247-259
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Rossman MD, Kreider ME. Is chronic beryllium disease sarcoidosis of known etiology?. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2003; 20 (02) 104-109
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Baughman RP, Culver DA, Judson MA. A concise review of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183 (05) 573-581
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Richie M, Josephson SA. Quantifying heuristic bias: anchoring, availability, and representativeness. Teach Learn Med 2018; 30 (01) 67-75
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Saposnik G, Redelmeier D, Ruff CC, Tobler PN. Cognitive biases associated with medical decisions: a systematic review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2016; 16 (01) 138
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Terwiel M, Grutters JC, van Moorsel CHM. Clustering of immune-mediated diseases in sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2019; 25 (05) 539-553
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Santiago T, Santiago M, Rovisco J. , et al. Coexisting primary Sjögren's syndrome and sarcoidosis: coincidence, mutually exclusive conditions or syndrome?. Rheumatol Int 2014; 34 (11) 1619-1622
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Kobak S, Sever F, Sivrikoz O, Karaarslan A. Coexistence of ankylosing spondylitis and Löfgren's syndrome. Case Rep Rheumatol 2014; 2014: 747698
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Chen ES, Moller DR. Etiology of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 2008; 29 (03) 365-377 , vii
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Antonelli A, Ferri C, Fallahi P. , et al. CXCL10 (alpha) and CCL2 (beta) chemokines in systemic sclerosis--a longitudinal study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47 (01) 45-49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Patterson KC, Franek BS, Müller-Quernheim J, Sperling AI, Sweiss NJ, Niewold TB. Circulating cytokines in sarcoidosis: phenotype-specific alterations for fibrotic and non-fibrotic pulmonary disease. Cytokine 2013; 61 (03) 906-911
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Palchevskiy V, Hashemi N, Weigt SS. , et al. Immune response CC chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 are associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 2011; 4: 10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Zissel G, Müller-Quernheim J. Cellular players in the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 2015; 36 (04) 549-560
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Tabarkiewicz J, Pogoda K, Karczmarczyk A, Pozarowski P, Giannopoulos K. The role of IL-17 and Th17 lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63 (06) 435-449
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Liu Y, Qiu L, Wang Y. , et al. The circulating Treg/Th17 cell ratio is correlated with relapse and treatment response in pulmonary sarcoidosis patients after corticosteroid withdrawal. PLoS One 2016; 11 (02) e0148207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Musaelyan A, Lapin S, Nazarov V. , et al. Vimentin as antigenic target in autoimmunity: a comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17 (09) 926-934
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Kaiser Y, Eklund A, Grunewald J. Moving target: shifting the focus to pulmonary sarcoidosis as an autoimmune spectrum disorder. Eur Respir J 2019; 54 (01) 54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Starshinova AA, Malkova AM, Basantsova NY. , et al. Sarcoidosis as an autoimmune disease. Front Immunol 2020; 10: 2933
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Weinberg I, Vasiliev L, Gotsman I. Anti-dsDNA antibodies in sarcoidosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000; 29 (05) 328-331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Kobak S, Yilmaz H, Sever F, Duran A, Sen N, Karaarslan A. The prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in patients with sarcoidosis. Autoimmune Dis 2014; 2014: 351852
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Kobak S, Ylmaz H, Sever F, Duran A, Sen N. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in patients with sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2014; 31 (03) 206-210
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Agrawal M, Ligon C. Defining characteristics of patients with overlap between sarcoidosis and connective tissue diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018 70(10):
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Oreskes I, Siltzbach LE. Changes in rheumatoid factor activity during the course of sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1968; 44 (01) 60-67
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Wu CH, Chung PI, Wu CY. , et al. Comorbid autoimmune diseases in patients with sarcoidosis: A nationwide case-control study in Taiwan. J Dermatol 2017; 44 (04) 423-430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Yıldız F, Kobak S, Semiz H, Orman M. Concomitant autoimmune diseases in patients with sarcoidosis in Turkey. Arch Rheumatol 2020; 35 (x): i-v
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Rajoriya N, Wotton CJ, Yeates DG, Travis SP, Goldacre MJ. Immune-mediated and chronic inflammatory disease in people with sarcoidosis: disease associations in a large UK database. Postgrad Med J 2009; 85 (1003): 233-237
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Judson MA, Shapiro L, Freitas S, Polychronopoulos VS, Highland KB. Concomitant sarcoidosis and a connective tissue disease: review of the clinical findings and postulations concerning their association. Respir Med 2013; 107 (09) 1453-1459
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Ishioka S, Yamanishi Y, Hiyama K, Maeda A, Maeda H, Yamakido M. Sarcoidosis associated with connective tissue diseases: report of 3 cases. Intern Med 1999; 38 (12) 984-987
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Enzenauer RJ, West SG. Sarcoidosis in autoimmune disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1992; 22 (01) 1-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 De Bandt M, Perrot S, Masson C, Meyer O. Systemic sclerosis and sarcoidosis, a report of five cases. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36 (01) 117-119
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Sato T, Fujita J, Yamadori I. , et al. Non-specific interstitial pneumonia; as the first clinical presentation of various collagen vascular disorders. Rheumatol Int 2006; 26 (06) 551-555
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Palmucci S, Roccasalva F, Puglisi S. , et al. Clinical and radiological features of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs): a pictorial review. Insights Imaging 2014; 5 (03) 347-364
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Ebner L, Christodoulidis S, Stathopoulou T. , et al. Meta-analysis of the radiological and clinical features of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP). PLoS One 2020; 15 (01) e0226084
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Cottin V, Hirani NA, Hotchkin DL. , et al. Presentation, diagnosis and clinical course of the spectrum of progressive-fibrosing interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir Rev 2018; 27 (150) 27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Patterson KC, Strek ME. Pulmonary fibrosis in sarcoidosis. Clinical features and outcomes. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013; 10 (04) 362-370
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Senda S, Igawa K, Nishioka M, Murota H, Katayama I. Systemic sclerosis with sarcoidosis: case report and review of the published work. J Dermatol 2014; 41 (05) 421-423
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Jacobsen S, Ullman S, Shen GQ, Wiik A, Halberg P. Influence of clinical features, serum antinuclear antibodies, and lung function on survival of patients with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2001; 28 (11) 2454-2459
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Abbas D, Ezzat Y, Hamdy E, Gamil M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) serum levels and gene polymorphism in Egyptian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2012; 21 (01) 103-110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Papadopoulos KI, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Groop LC, Carlsson M, Hallengren B. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism in sarcoidosis in relation to associated autoimmune diseases. J Intern Med 2000; 247 (01) 71-77
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Matucci-Cerinic M, Pignone A, Iannone F. , et al. Clinical correlations of plasma angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in systemic sclerosis: a longitudinal study of plasma ACE level, endothelial injury and lung involvement. Respir Med 1990; 84 (04) 283-287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Bitik B, Mercan R, Tufan A. , et al. Differential diagnosis of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels: a rheumatology perspective. Eur J Rheumatol 2015; 2 (04) 131-134
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Szodoray P, Szollosi Z, Gyimesi E. , et al. Sarcoidosis in patients with mixed connective tissue disease: clinical, genetic, serological and histological observations. Rheumatol Int 2008; 28 (08) 743-747
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Fernandes SR, Singsen BH, Hoffman GS. Sarcoidosis and systemic vasculitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000; 30 (01) 33-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Ohshimo S, Guzman J, Costabel U, Bonella F. Differential diagnosis of granulomatous lung disease: clues and pitfalls: Number 4 in the Series “Pathology for the clinician” Edited by Peter Dorfmüller and Alberto Cavazza. Eur Respir Rev 2017; 26 . Doi: 10.1183/16000617.0012-2017
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Castro C, Gourley M. Diagnostic testing and interpretation of tests for autoimmunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125 (02) (Suppl. 02) S238-S247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Karpathiou G, Batistatou A, Boglou P, Stefanou D, Froudarakis ME. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis: a distinctive form of pulmonary granulomatous disease. Clin Respir J 2018; 12 (04) 1313-1319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Baughman RP, Lower EE, Tami T. Upper airway. 4: Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT). Thorax 2010; 65 (02) 181-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Chen KR, Carlson JA. Clinical approach to cutaneous vasculitis. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008; 9 (02) 71-92
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Pesci A, Manganelli P. Respiratory system involvement in antineutrophil cytoplasmic-associated systemic vasculitides: clinical, pathological, radiological and therapeutic considerations. Drugs R D 2007; 8 (01) 25-42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Poonawalla T, Colome-Grimmer MI, Kelly B. Ulcerative sarcoidosis in the legs with granulomatous vasculitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 33 (03) 282-286
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Petri M, Barr E, Cho K, Farmer E. Overlap of granulomatous vasculitis and sarcoidosis: presentation with uveitis, eosinophilia, leg ulcers, sinusitis, and past foot drop. J Rheumatol 1988; 15 (07) 1171-1173
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Carlson JA, Chen KR. Cutaneous vasculitis update: neutrophilic muscular vessel and eosinophilic, granulomatous, and lymphocytic vasculitis syndromes. Am J Dermatopathol 2007; 29 (01) 32-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Seyahi E. Takayasu arteritis: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2017; 29 (01) 51-56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Chapelon-Abric C, Saadoun D, Marie I. , et al. Sarcoidosis with Takayasu arteritis: a model of overlapping granulomatosis. A report of seven cases and literature review. Int J Rheum Dis 2018; 21 (03) 740-745
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Cohen Aubart F, Lhote R, Amoura A. , et al. Drug-induced sarcoidosis: an overview of the WHO pharmacovigilance database. J Intern Med 2019
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Friedman BE, English III JC. Drug-induced sarcoidosis in a patient treated with an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist for hidradenitis suppurativa. JAAD Case Rep 2018; 4 (06) 543-545
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Chopra A, Nautiyal A, Kalkanis A, Judson MA. Drug-induced sarcoidosis-like reactions. Chest 2018; 154 (03) 664-677
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Fazzi P, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM. Sarcoidosis and thyroid autoimmunity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8: 177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Antonelli A, Fazzi P, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Ferrannini E. Prevalence of hypothyroidism and Graves disease in sarcoidosis. Chest 2006; 130 (02) 526-532
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Dourakis SP, Saramadou R, Alexopoulou A. , et al. Hepatic granulomas: a 6-year experience in a single center in Greece. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 19 (02) 101-104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Papadopoulos KI, Sjöberg K, Lindgren S, Hallengren B. Evidence of gastrointestinal immune reactivity in patients with sarcoidosis. J Intern Med 1999; 245 (05) 525-531
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Willoughby JMT. Crohn's disease and sarcoidosis in siblings: follow-up of a published report with a new case and brief review of the literature. Frontline Gastroenterol 2017; 8 (01) 74-77
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Gupta S, Pattanaik D, Krishnaswamy G. Common variable immune deficiency and associated complications. Chest 2019; 156 (03) 579-593
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Marcal N, Aguiar M, Claro I. , et al. Sarcoidosis vs. granulomatous disease and hypogammaglobulinemia. Chest 2011; 140 (04) 160a
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Yamamoto M, Takahashi H, Shinomura Y. Mechanisms and assessment of IgG4-related disease: lessons for the rheumatologist. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 10 (03) 148-159
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 van den Berg JM, van Koppen E, Ahlin A. , et al. Chronic granulomatous disease: the European experience. PLoS One 2009; 4 (04) e5234
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 McLean-Tooke AP, Aldridge C, Gilmour K, Higgins B, Hudson M, Spickett GP. An unusual cause of granulomatous disease. BMC Clin Pathol 2007; 7: 1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Blank N, Lorenz HM, Ho AD, Witzens-Harig M. Sarcoidosis and the occurrence of malignant diseases. Rheumatol Int 2014; 34 (10) 1433-1439
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Spiekermann C, Kuhlencord M, Huss S, Rudack C, Weiss D. Coexistence of sarcoidosis and metastatic lesions: a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Oncol Lett 2017; 14 (06) 7643-7652
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Kobak S, Yildiz F, Semiz H, Orman M. Malignancy in patients with sarcoidosis. Reumatol Clin 2019; DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2019.04.003. . [Epub ahead of print]
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Mellemkjaer L, Pfeiffer RM, Engels EA. , et al. Autoimmune disease in individuals and close family members and susceptibility to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58 (03) 657-666
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Brincker H, Wilbek E. The incidence of malignant tumours in patients with respiratory sarcoidosis. Br J Cancer 1974; 29 (03) 247-251
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Smedby KE, Askling J, Mariette X, Baecklund E. Autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and risk of malignant lymphomas--an update. J Intern Med 2008; 264 (06) 514-527
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Boffetta P, Rabkin CS, Gridley G. A cohort study of cancer among sarcoidosis patients. Int J Cancer 2009; 124 (11) 2697-2700
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Ungprasert P, Crowson CS, Matteson EL. Risk of malignancy among patients with sarcoidosis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2017; 69 (01) 46-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Ungprasert P, Srivali N, Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporn W, Knight EL. Is the incidence of malignancy increased in patients with sarcoidosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respirology 2014; 19 (07) 993-998
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Bonifazi M, Bravi F, Gasparini S. , et al. Sarcoidosis and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Chest 2015; 147 (03) 778-791
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Ji J, Shu X, Li X, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Hemminki K. Cancer risk in hospitalized sarcoidosis patients: a follow-up study in Sweden. Ann Oncol 2009; 20 (06) 1121-1126
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Askling J, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Hillerdal G, Ekbom A. Increased risk for cancer following sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160 (5, Pt 1): 1668-1672
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Seersholm N, Vestbo J, Viskum K. Risk of malignant neoplasms in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Thorax 1997; 52 (10) 892-894
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Søgaard KK, Sværke C, Thomsen RW, Nørgaard M. Sarcoidosis and subsequent cancer risk: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Eur Respir J 2015; 45 (01) 269-272
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Rømer FK, Hommelgaard P, Schou G. Sarcoidosis and cancer revisited: a long-term follow-up study of 555 Danish sarcoidosis patients. Eur Respir J 1998; 12 (04) 906-912
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Arish N, Kuint R, Sapir E. , et al. Characteristics of sarcoidosis in patients with previous malignancy: causality or coincidence?. Respiration 2017; 93 (04) 247-252
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Reich JM, Mullooly JP, Johnson RE. Linkage analysis of malignancy-associated sarcoidosis. Chest 1995; 107 (03) 605-613
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Tiago Serra J, Martinho A, Paixao Duarte F, Aldomiro F. Sarcoidosis and multiple myeloma: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Hematol 2019; 2019: 4586265
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Grados A, Ebbo M, Bernit E. , et al. Sarcoidosis occurring after solid cancer: a nonfortuitous association: report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94 (28) e928
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Kaneko Y, Kato H, Matsuo M. Hilar and mediastinal sarcoid-like reaction after the treatment of malignant tumors: imaging features and natural course on 18F-FDG-PET/CT. Jpn J Radiol 2019; 37 (01) 88-94
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Chowdhury FU, Sheerin F, Bradley KM, Gleeson FV. Sarcoid-like reaction to malignancy on whole-body integrated (18)F-FDG PET/CT: prevalence and disease pattern. Clin Radiol 2009; 64 (07) 675-681
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 London J, Grados A, Fermé C. , et al. Sarcoidosis occurring after lymphoma: report of 14 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93 (21) e121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 El Hammoumi M, El Marjany M, Moussaoui D, Doudouh A, Mansouri H, Kabiri H. Mediastinal sarcoidosis mimicking lymph malignancy recurrence after anti-neoplastic therapy. Arch Bronconeumol 2015; 51 (07) e33-e35
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Stoffaës L, Dumazet A, Deslee G, Mohammad Muttaqi Z, Didier K, Botsen D. Sarcoidosis-like reaction during palbociclib treatment for metastatic breast cancer: A case report. Breast J 2020; DOI: . Doi: 10.1111/tbj.13800. (Epub ahead of print)
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Adam A, Thomas L, Bories N. , et al. Sarcoidosis associated with vemurafenib. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169 (01) 206-208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Cohen PR, Kurzrock R. Sarcoidosis and malignancy. Clin Dermatol 2007; 25 (03) 326-333
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Oliwiecki S, Kotecha B, Kingston T, Rothera MP. Sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome. J R Soc Med 1992; 85 (03) 176-177
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Brincker H. The sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome. Br J Cancer 1986; 54 (03) 467-473
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Kornacker M, Kraemer A, Leo E, Ho AD. Occurrence of sarcoidosis subsequent to chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: report of two cases. Ann Hematol 2002; 81 (02) 103-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Suen JS, Forse MS, Hyland RH, Chan CK. The malignancy-sarcoidosis syndrome. Chest 1990; 98 (05) 1300-1302
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Goswami T, Siddique S, Cohen P, Cheson BD. The sarcoid-lymphoma syndrome. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2010; 10 (04) 241-247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Brincker H. Coexistence of sarcoidosis and malignant disease: causality or coincidence?. Sarcoidosis 1989; 6 (01) 31-43
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Landgren O, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM. , et al. Autoimmunity and susceptibility to Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based case-control study in Scandinavia. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98 (18) 1321-1330
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Fujii T, Tabe Y, Yajima R, Tsutsumi S, Asao T, Kuwano H. Adenocarcinoma of ascending colon associated with sarcoid reaction in regional lymph nodes. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2010; 4 (01) 118-123
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Eggers H, Krüger M, Stange K. , et al. Sarcoid-like lesions mimicking pulmonary metastasis: a case series and review of the literature. Oncol Res Treat 2019; 42 (7-8): 382-386
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Shin HJ, Kim MS, Kho BG. , et al. Delayed diagnosis of lung cancer due to misdiagnosis as worsening of sarcoidosis: a case report. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20 (01) 71
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Reynolds HY. Sarcoidosis: impact of other illnesses on the presentation and management of multi-organ disease. Lung 2002; 180 (05) 281-299
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Endlich JL, Souza JA, Osório CABT, Pinto CAL, Faria EP, Bitencourt AGV. Breast sarcoidosis as the first manifestation of the disease. Breast J 2020; 26 (03) 543-544
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Marak CP, Alappan N, Chopra A, Dorokhova O, Sinha S, Guddati AK. Uterine sarcoidosis: a rare extrapulmonary site of sarcoidosis. Case Rep Rheumatol 2013; 2013: 706738
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Wuntakal R, Bharathan R, Rockall A, Jeyarajah A. Interesting case of ovarian sarcoidosis: the value of multi disciplinary team working. World J Surg Oncol 2007; 5: 38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Hehn ST, Grogan TM, Miller TP. Utility of fine-needle aspiration as a diagnostic technique in lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22 (15) 3046-3052
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar