Subscribe to RSS
![](/products/assets/desktop/img/oa-logo.png)
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716570
Receptive and Expressive Language in Hindi Speaking Children with Postcochlear Implantation at 6-Month Intervals
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/10.1055-s-00025477/202103/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0040-1716570_200117or-1.jpg)
Abstract
Introduction Individual variability in the language outcomes of children with cochlear implantation (CI) is a major concern. In CI rehabilitation, there is lack of a protocol regarding uniform post-CI language assessment interval duration, which can ensure better understanding of the trajectory of language growth as well as optimize language outcomes by providing feedback in fine tuning the language intervention program.
Objective To evaluate the receptive and expressive language in Hindi speaking children with up to 2 years of CI experience using revised receptive-expressive emergent language test-3ed. (REELT-3) at 6 months intervals and to compare it with that of children with normal hearing (NH).
Methods The present study included 192 children divided in 2 groups, 96 children with CI (15.8 ± 6.7 months), and 96 age-matched children with NH (22.3 ± 7.9 months). A cross-sectional, prospective study design was used to measure the language ability score (LAS) at an interval of 6 months from the time of implantation (TIA), which is 0 to 6 months, 7 to 12 months, 13 to 18 months, and 19 to 24 months of CI usage.
Results The two-way analysis of variance revealed that the LAS after 18 months of CI usage was similar to (F (3, 92) = 8.63, p = 0.19, ηp2 = 0.028) that of the children with NH. However, other demographic factors, for instance, gender (F (3, 92) = 1.73, p = 0.505, ηp2 = 0.002), parent's education, (F (3, 92) = 2.05, p = 0.937, ηp2 = 0.031), and financial background (F (3, 92) = 2.49, p = 0.351, ηp2 = 0.076) had no major impact on language.
Conclusion Eighteen months of CI usage duration can potentially stimulate receptive and expressive language up to age-matched children with NH. A protocol of periodic assessment of language, at least of 6 months, may be developed to optimize language outcomes.
Keywords
cochlear Implantation - receptive language - expressive language - language assessment - REELT-3Publication History
Received: 27 April 2020
Accepted: 21 July 2020
Article published online:
30 September 2020
© 2020. Fundação Otorrinolaringologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil
-
References
- 1 Caselli MC, Rinaldi P, Varuzza C, Giuliani A, Burdo S. Cochlear implant in the second year of life: lexical and grammatical outcomes. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2012; 55 (02) 382-394
- 2 Pisoni DB, Kronenberger WG, Harris MS, Moberly AC. Three challenges for future research on cochlear implants. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 3 (04) 240-254
- 3 Baldassari CM, Schmidt C, Schubert CM, Srinivasan P, Dodson KM, Sismanis A. Receptive language outcomes in children after cochlear implantation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 140 (01) 114-119
- 4 Levitt H, McGarr N, Geffner D. Development of language and communication skills in hearing-impaired children. Introduction. ASHA Monogr 1987; (26) 1-8
- 5 Svirsky MA, Teoh S-W, Neuburger H. Development of language and speech perception in congenitally, profoundly deaf children as a function of age at cochlear implantation. Audiol Neurotol 2004; 9 (04) 224-233
- 6 Bradham T, Jones J. Cochlear implant candidacy in the United States: prevalence in children 12 months to 6 years of age. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 72 (07) 1023-1028
- 7 Cruz I, Quittner AL, Marker C, DesJardin JL, Team CI. CDaCI Investigative Team. Identification of effective strategies to promote language in deaf children with cochlear implants. Child Dev 2013; 84 (02) 543-559
- 8 Tomblin JB, Barker BA, Spencer LJ, Zhang X, Gantz BJ. The effect of age at cochlear implant initial stimulation on expressive language growth in infants and toddlers. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2005; 48 (04) 853-867
- 9 Brito Rd, Bittencourt AG, Tsuji RK, Magnan J, Bento RF. Cochlear implantation through the middle fossa: an anatomic study for a novel technique. Acta Otolaryngol 2013; 133 (09) 905-909
- 10 Leigh J, Dettman S, Dowell R, Briggs R. Communication development in children who receive a cochlear implant by 12 months of age. Otol Neurotol 2013; 34 (03) 443-450
- 11 Geers AE. Speech, language, and reading skills after early cochlear implantation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130 (05) 634-638
- 12 Nicholas JG, Geers AE. Will they catch up? The role of age at cochlear implantation in the spoken language development of children with severe to profound hearing loss. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2007; 50 (04) 1048-1062
- 13 Ruben RJ. Language development in the pediatric cochlear implant patient. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2018; 3 (03) 209-213
- 14 Connor CM, Craig HK, Raudenbush SW, Heavner K, Zwolan TA. The age at which young deaf children receive cochlear implants and their vocabulary and speech-production growth: is there an added value for early implantation?. Ear Hear 2006; 27 (06) 628-644
- 15 Miyamoto RT, Hay-McCutcheon MJ, Kirk KI, Houston DM, Bergeson-Dana T. Language skills of profoundly deaf children who received cochlear implants under 12 months of age: a preliminary study. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128 (04) 373-377
- 16 Geers AE, Sedey AL. Language and verbal reasoning skills in adolescents with 10 or more years of cochlear implant experience. Ear Hear 2011; 32 (01) 39S-48S
- 17 Geers AE. Factors Affecting the Development of Speech, Language, and Literacy in Children With Early Cochlear Implantation. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2002; 33 (03) 172-183
- 18 Kumar V, Mehta R. Adaptation and validation of receptive expressive emergent Language Test-3: Evidence from Hindi speaking children with cochlear implant. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 132: 109891
- 19 Dayal V. Incorporation: Morpho-syntactic vs. semantic considerations. The syntax and semantics of pseudo-incorporation: Brill; 2015: 47-87
- 20 Houston DM, Miyamoto RT. Effects of early auditory experience on word learning and speech perception in deaf children with cochlear implants: implications for sensitive periods of language development. Otol Neurotol 2010; 31 (08) 1248-1253
- 21 Bzoch KR, League R, Brown VL. Receptive-expressive Emergent Language Test: Examiner's Manual: Pro-ed. 2003
- 22 Clark JH, Wang N-Y, Riley AW. CDaCI Investigative Team. et al. Timing of cochlear implantation and parents' global ratings of children's health and development. Otol Neurotol 2012; 33 (04) 545-552
- 23 Ertmer DJ, Young NM, Nathani S. Profiles of vocal development in young cochlear implant recipients. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2007; 50 (02) 393-407
- 24 Gordon KA, Papsin BC, Harrison RV. Activity-dependent developmental plasticity of the auditory brain stem in children who use cochlear implants. Ear Hear 2003; 24 (06) 485-500
- 25 Sharma A, Dorman MF, Spahr AJ. A sensitive period for the development of the central auditory system in children with cochlear implants: implications for age of implantation. Ear Hear 2002; 23 (06) 532-539
- 26 Locke JL. A theory of neurolinguistic development. Brain Lang 1997; 58 (02) 265-326
- 27 Bates E. Language and the infant brain. J Commun Disord 1999; 32 (04) 195-205