RSS-Feed abonnieren

DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718439
Risk Factors for Postpartum Hemorrhage and its Severe Forms with Blood Loss Evaluated Objectively – A Prospective Cohort Study
Fatores de risco para hemorragia pós-parto e suas formas graves com perda sanguínea avaliada objetivamente – Um estudo de coorte prospectivo
Abstract
Objective To identify risk factors related to postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and severe PPH with blood loss quantified objectively.
Methods This is a complementary analysis of a prospective cohort study that included pregnant women delivering vaginally. The total blood loss was obtained through the sum of the volume collected from the drape with the weight of gauzes, compresses and pads used by women within 2 hours. Exploratory data analysis was performed to assess mean, standard deviation (SD), frequency, percentage and percentiles. The risk factors for postpartum bleeding were evaluated using linear and logistic regression.
Results We included 270 women. The mean blood loss at 120 minutes was 427.49 mL (±335.57 mL). Thirty-one percent (84 women) bled > 500 mL and 8.2% (22 women) bled > 1,000 mL within 2 hours. Episiotomy, longer second stage of labor and forceps delivery were related to blood loss > 500 mL within 2 hours, in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, only forceps remained associated with bleeding > 500 mL within 2 hours (odds ratio [OR] = 9.5 [2.85–31.53]). Previous anemia and episiotomy were also related to blood loss > 1,000mL.
Conclusion Prolonged second stage of labor, forceps and episiotomy are related to increased incidence of PPH, and should be used as an alert for the delivery assistants for early recognition and prompt treatment for PPH.
Resumo
Objetivo Identificar os fatores de risco para hemorragia pós-parto e hemorragia pós-parto grave com o sangramento pós-parto avaliado objetivamente.
Métodos Trata-se de uma análise complementar de um estudo de coorte prospectivo que incluiu somente mulheres que evoluíram para parto vaginal. O total de perda sanguínea foi avaliado objetivamente durante 24 horas pós-parto através da soma da quantidade de sangue mensurada através de um coletor de sangue pós-parto somado ao peso de compressas, gases e absorventes utilizados no período pós-parto. Análises exploratórias dos dados foram realizadas através do cálculo de médias, desvio-padrão (DP), frequência, porcentagem e percentis. Os fatores de risco foram avaliados através de regressão linear e logística.
Resultados Foram incluídas 270 mulheres. A média de perda sanguínea pós-parto após 120 minutos foi de 427.49 mL (±335.57 mL). Trinta e um por cento (84 mulheres) sangraram > 500 mL e 8,2% (22 mulheres) sangraram > 1.000 mL em 2 horas. Episiotomia, segundo período do parto prolongado e uso de fórceps estiveram associados a perda sanguínea > 500 mL em 2 horas. Na análise multivariada, somente fórceps manteve-se entre os fatores de risco para sangramentos superiores a 500 mL em 2 horas (odds ratio [OR] = 9.5 [2.85–31.53]). Anemia prévia e episiotomia estiveram associadas com perda sanguínea > 1.000 mL.
Conclusão Segundo período do parto prolongado, fórceps e episiotomia estão associados a aumento da incidência de hemorragia pós-parto e devem ser usados como um alerta para os profissionais de saúde para o reconhecimento precoce e tratamento imediato da patologia.
Contributions
Borovac-Pinheiro A. and Pacagnella R. C. conceived and designed the study. Borovac-Pinheiro A. and Ribeiro F. M. collected the data. All authors were involved in data analysis, interpretation, and writing. Borovac-Pinheiro A. wrote the first version and all authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
Publikationsverlauf
Eingereicht: 28. Januar 2020
Angenommen: 03. August 2020
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
28. Januar 2021
© 2021. Federação Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil
-
References
- 1 Kendall T, Langer A. Critical maternal health knowledge gaps in low- and middle-income countries for the post-2015 era. Reprod Health 2015; 12: 55
- 2 Knaul FM, Langer A, Atun R, Rodin D, Frenk J, Bonita R. Rethinking maternal health. Lancet Glob Health 2016; 4 (04) e227-e228
- 3 GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388 (10053): 1775-1812
- 4 Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tunçalp Ö, Moller A-B, Daniels J. et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2014; 2 (06) e323-e333
- 5 Tunçalp O, Souza JP, Gülmezoglu M. World Health Organization. New WHO recommendations on prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2013; 123 (03) 254-256
- 6 Bateman BT, Berman MF, Riley LE, Leffert LR. The epidemiology of postpartum hemorrhage in a large, nationwide sample of deliveries. Anesth Analg 2010; 110 (05) 1368-1373
- 7 Goffman D, Nathan L, Chazotte C. Obstetric hemorrhage: A global review. Semin Perinatol 2016; 40 (02) 96-98
- 8 Kramer MS, Berg C, Abenhaim H, Dahhou M, Rouleau J, Mehrabadi A, Joseph KS. Incidence, risk factors, and temporal trends in severe postpartum hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209 (05) 449.e1-449.e7
- 9 Al-Zirqi I, Vangen S, Forsen L, Stray-Pedersen B. Prevalence and risk factors of severe obstetric haemorrhage. BJOG 2008; 115 (10) 1265-1272
- 10 Pacagnella RC, Borovac-Pinheiro A. Assessing and managing hypovolemic shock in puerperal women. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 61: 89-105
- 11 Ononge S, Mirembe F, Wandabwa J, Campbell OMR. Incidence and risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage in Uganda. Reprod Health 2016; 13: 38
- 12 Patel A, Goudar SS, Geller SE, Kodkany BS, Edlavitch SA, Patted SS. et al. Drape estimation vs. visual assessment for estimating postpartum hemorrhage. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006; 93 (03) 220-224
- 13 Toledo P, McCarthy RJ, Hewlett BJ, Fitzgerald PC, Wong CA. The accuracy of blood loss estimation after simulated vaginal delivery. Anesth Analg 2007; 105 (06) 1736-1740
- 14 Schorn MN. Measurement of blood loss: review of the literature. J Midwifery Womens Health 2010; 55 (01) 20-27
- 15 MacLeod JH. Estimation of blood loss in a small community hospital. Can Med Assoc J 1966; 95 (03) 114-117
- 16 Borovac-Pinheiro A, Pacagnella RC, Cecatti JG, Miller S, El Ayadi AM, Souza JP. et al. Postpartum hemorrhage: new insights for definition and diagnosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 219 (02) 162-168
- 17 Borovac-Pinheiro A, Ribeiro FM, Morais SS, Pacagnella RC. Shock index and heart rate standard reference values in the immediate postpartum period: A cohort study. PLoS One 2019; 14 (06) e0217907
- 18 Sheldon WR, Blum J, Vogel JP, Souza JP, Gülmezoglu AM, Winikoff B. WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network. Postpartum haemorrhage management, risks, and maternal outcomes: findings from the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. BJOG 2014; 121 (Suppl. 01) 5-13
- 19 World Health Organization. Daily iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy. Geneva: WHO; 2016
- 20 Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN, Dowswell T. Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (07) CD004736
- 21 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies: clinical guideline [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/resources/intrapartum-care-for-healthy-women-and-babies-pdf-35109866447557