Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2021; 15(02): 379-387
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721903
Review Article

Current Concepts on the Pathogenesis of Peri-implantitis: A Narrative Review

Ioannis Fragkioudakis 
1   Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
,
Georgia Tseleki
1   Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
,
Aikaterini-Elisavet Doufexi
1   Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
,
Dimitra Sakellari
1   Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
› Author Affiliations Funding None.
› Further Information
Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

As implant treatment has been integrated in contemporary dental practice, complications with the forms of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis have also increased in prevalence. Peri-implantitis is the more severe biological complication and is defined as an inflammatory disease affecting peri-implant tissues resulting in bone and eventually implant loss. In addition, the treatment of peri-implantitis has currently become a substantial global economic burden. In the current study, a search was conducted in several electronic databases using specific keywords relevant to the article’s main topic. An increasing number of scientific reports have investigated the etiopathology of peri-implant diseases, focusing mainly on peri-implantitis. Microbial biofilm consists an important etiological factor of peri-implant pathology analogous to periodontal diseases. Although several data confirm that peri-implant infections are dominated by gram-negative bacteria, similar to periodontal infections, there is evidence that some cases may harbor a distinct microbiota, including opportunistic microorganisms and/or uncultivable species. Additionally, data support that several parameters, such as genetic predisposition of individual patients, occlusal overload, and local factors such as titanium particles and excess cement, may be implicated in peri-implantitis pathogenesis. Simultaneously, the release of titanium metal particles and their biological consequences or the presence of excess cement in the adjacent peri-implant tissues have also been suggested as factors that contribute to peri-implant pathology. A specific line of research also indicates the role of foreign body response to implant installation. This narrative review aims to discuss the current concepts of etiopathogenetic factors implicated in peri-implantitis.

Keywords

peri-implantitis - foreign body - risk factors


Publication History

Article published online:
19 March 2021

© 2021. European Journal of Dentistry. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Zitzmann NU, Berglundh T. Definition and prevalence of peri-implant diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35 (8, Suppl) 286-291
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Tallarico M, Canullo L, Wang H-L, Cochran DL, Meloni SM. Classification Systems for peri-implantitis: a narrative review with a proposal of a new evidence-based etiology codification. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2018; 33 (04) 871-879
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Berglundh T, Armitage G, Araujo MG. et al. Peri-implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45 (Suppl. 20) S286-S291
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Mombelli A, Müller N, Cionca N. The epidemiology of peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 23 (Suppl. 06) 67-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Elemek E, Agrali OB, Kuru B, Kuru L. Peri-implantitis and severity level. Eur J Dent 2020; 14 (01) 24-30
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Poli PP, Cicciu M, Beretta M, Maiorana C. Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: a current understanding of their diagnosis, clinical implications, and a report of treatment using a combined therapy approach. J Oral Implantol 2017; 43 (01) 45-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Cosgarea R, Sculean A, Shibli JA, Salvi GE. Prevalence of peri-implant diseases - a critical review on the current evidence. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33 (Suppl. 01) e063 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0063.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Klinge B, Meyle J. Working Group 2. Peri-implant tissue destruction. The Third EAO Consensus Conference 2012. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 23 (Suppl. 06) 108-110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Daugela P, Cicciù M, Saulacic N. Surgical regenerative treatments for peri-implantitis: meta-analysis of recent findings in a systematic literature review. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2016; 7 (03) e15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Marcantonio Junior E, Romito GA, Shibli JA. Peri-implantitis as a “burden” disease. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33 (01) (Suppl. 01) e087
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Schwarz F, Derks J, Monje A, Wang HL. Peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45 (45) (Suppl. 20) S246-S266
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Mombelli A, van Oosten MAC, Schürch Jr E, Land NP. The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1987; 2 (04) 145-151
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Passariello C, Di Nardo D, Testarelli L. Inflammatory periimplant diseases and the periodontal connection question. Eur J Dent 2019; 13 (01) 119-123
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Albrektsson T, Dahlin C, Jemt T, Sennerby L, Turri A, Wennerberg A. Is marginal bone loss around oral implants the result of a provoked foreign body reaction?. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2014; 16 (02) 155-165
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Belibasakis GN, Charalampakis G, Bostanci N, Stadlinger B. Peri-implant infections of oral biofilm etiology. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015; 830: 69-84
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Ericsson I, Berglundh T, Marinello C, Liljenberg B, Lindhe J. Long-standing plaque and gingivitis at implants and teeth in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 1992; 3 (03) 99-103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Zitzmann NU, Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Soft tissue reactions to plaque formation at implant abutments with different surface topography. An experimental study in dogs. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29 (05) 456-461
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Berglundh T, Lindhe J, Marinello C, Ericsson I, Liljenberg B. Soft tissue reaction to de novo plaque formation on implants and teeth. An experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 1992; 3 (01) 1-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Ericsson I, Persson LG, Berglundh T, Marinello CP, Lindhe J, Klinge B. Different types of inflammatory reactions in peri-implant soft tissues. J Clin Periodontol 1995; 22 (03) 255-261
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Pontoriero R, Tonelli MP, Carnevale G, Mombelli A, Nyman SR, Lang NP. Experimentally induced peri-implant mucositis. A clinical study in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res 1994; 5 (04) 254-259
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Heitz-Mayfield LJA, Lang NP. Comparative biology of chronic and aggressive periodontitis vs. peri-implantitis. Periodontol 2000 2010; 53 (01) 167-181
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Edgerton M, Lo SE, Scannapieco FA. Experimental salivary pellicles formed on titanium surfaces mediate adhesion of streptococci. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996; 11 (04) 443-449
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Lang NP, Berglundh T. Working Group 4 of Seventh European Workshop on Periodontology. Periimplant diseases: where are we now?–Consensus of the Seventh European Workshop on Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 (Suppl. 11) 178-181
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Apse P, Ellen RP, Overall CM, Zarb GA. Microbiota and crevicular fluid collagenase activity in the osseointegrated dental implant sulcus: a comparison of sites in edentulous and partially edentulous patients. J Periodontal Res 1989; 24 (02) 96-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Rams TE, Roberts TW, Tatum Jr H, Keyes PH. The subgingival microbial flora associated with human dental implants. J Prosthet Dent 1984; 51 (04) 529-534
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Hultin M, Gustafsson A, Hallström H, Johansson LÅ, Ekfeldt A, Klinge B. Microbiological findings and host response in patients with peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2002; 13 (04) 349-358
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Rosenberg ES, Torosian JP, Slots J. Microbial differences in 2 clinically distinct types of failures of osseointegrated implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1991; 2 (03) 135-144
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Alcoforado GA, Rams TE, Feik D, Slots J. Microbial aspects of failing osseointegrated dental implants in humans. J Parodontol 1991; 10 (01) 11-18
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Botero JE, González AM, Mercado RA, Olave G, Contreras A. Subgingival microbiota in peri-implant mucosa lesions and adjacent teeth in partially edentulous patients. J Periodontol 2005; 76 (09) 1490-1495
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Leonhardt A, Renvert S, Dahlén G. Microbial findings at failing implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1999; 10 (05) 339-345
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Koyanagi T, Sakamoto M, Takeuchi Y, Ohkuma M, Izumi Y. Analysis of microbiota associated with peri-implantitis using 16S rRNA gene clone library. J Oral Microbiol 2010; 2: 2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Kumar PS, Mason MR, Brooker MR, O’Brien K. Pyrosequencing reveals unique microbial signatures associated with healthy and failing dental implants. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39 (05) 425-433
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Albertini M, López-Cerero L, O’Sullivan MG. et al. Assessment of periodontal and opportunistic flora in patients with peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2015; 26 (08) 937-941
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Dabdoub SM, Tsigarida AA, Kumar PS. Patient-specific analysis of periodontal and peri-implant microbiomes. J Dent Res 2013; 92 (12, Suppl) 168S-175S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Yeh HC, Lu JJ, Chang SC, Ge MC. Identification of microbiota in peri-implantitis pockets by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2019; 9 (01) 774
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Charalampakis G, Belibasakis GN. Microbiome of peri-implant infections: lessons from conventional, molecular and metagenomic analyses. Virulence 2015; 6 (03) 183-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Mombelli A, Décaillet F. The characteristics of biofilms in peri-implant disease. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 (Suppl. 11) 203-213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Rakic M, Grusovin MG, Canullo L. The microbiologic profile associated with peri-implantitis in humans: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2016; 31 (02) 359-368
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Persson GR, Renvert S. Cluster of bacteria associated with peri-implantitis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2014; 16 (06) 783-793
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Lafaurie GI, Sabogal MA, Castillo DM. et al. Microbiome and microbial biofilm profiles of peri-implantitis: a systematic review. J Periodontol 2017; 88 (10) 1066-1089
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Padial-Molina M, López-Martínez J, O’Valle F, Galindo-Moreno P. Microbial profiles and detection techniques in peri-implant diseases: a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2016; 7 (03) e10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Pérez-Chaparro PJ, Duarte PM, Shibli JA. et al. The current weight of evidence of the microbiologic profile associated with peri-implantitis: a systematic review. J Periodontol 2016; 87 (11) 1295-1304
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Retamal-Valdes B, Formiga MC, Almeida ML. et al. Does subgingival bacterial colonization differ between implants and teeth? A systematic review. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33 (Suppl. 01) e064
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Brånemark PI, Hansson BO, Adell R. et al. Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10-year period. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl 1977; 16: 1-132
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Schroeder A, Pohler O, Sutter F. Tissue reaction to an implant of a titanium hollow cylinder with a titanium surface spray layer. SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd 1976; 86 (07) 713-727 (German)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Donath K. Pathogenesis of bony pocket formation around dental implants. J Dent Assoc S Afr 1992; 47 (05) 204-208
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Donath K, Laass M, Günzl HJ. The histopathology of different foreign-body reactions in oral soft tissue and bone tissue. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1992; 420 (02) 131-137
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. On osseointegration in relation to implant surfaces. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2019; 21 (Suppl. 01) 4-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Trindade R, Albrektsson T, Tengvall P, Wennerberg A. Foreign body reaction to biomaterials: on mechanisms for buildup and breakdown of osseointegration. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2016; 18 (01) 192-203
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Trindade R, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Current concepts for the biological basis of dental implants: foreign body equilibrium and osseointegration dynamics. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2015; 27 (02) 175-183
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Chappuis V, Cavusoglu Y, Gruber R, Kuchler U, Buser D, Bosshardt DD. Osseointegration of zirconia in the presence of multinucleated giant cells. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2016; 18 (04) 686-698
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Trindade R, Albrektsson T, Galli S, Prgomet Z, Tengvall P, Wennerberg A. Osseointegration and foreign body reaction: titanium implants activate the immune system and suppress bone resorption during the first 4 weeks after implantation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2018; 20 (01) 82-91
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Albrektsson T, Jemt T, Mölne J, Tengvall P, Wennerberg A. On inflammation-immunological balance theory-A critical apprehension of disease concepts around implants: mucositis and marginal bone loss may represent normal conditions and not necessarily a state of disease. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2019; 21 (01) 183-189
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Albrektsson T, Canullo L, Cochran D, De Bruyn H. “Peri-implantitis”: a complication of a foreign body or a man-made “disease”. Facts and fiction. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2016; 18 (04) 840-849
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Academy Report: Peri-Implant Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis: A Current Understanding of Their Diagnoses and Clinical Implications. Journal of Periodontology 84: 436-443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Coli P, Christiaens V, Sennerby L, Bruyn H. Reliability of periodontal diagnostic tools for monitoring peri-implant health and disease. Periodontol 2000 2017; 73 (01) 203-217
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 De Bruyn H, Christiaens V, Doornewaard R. et al. Implant surface roughness and patient factors on long-term peri-implant bone loss. Periodontol 2000 2017; 73 (01) 218-227
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Albrektsson T, Chrcanovic B, Östman P-O, Sennerby L. Initial and long-term crestal bone responses to modern dental implants. Periodontol 2000 2017; 73 (01) 41-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Koka S, Zarb G. On osseointegration: the healing adaptation principle in the context of osseosufficiency, osseoseparation, and dental implant failure. Int J Prosthodont 2012; 25 (01) 48-52
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Lindhe J, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Liljenberg B, Marinello C. Experimental breakdown of peri-implant and periodontal tissues. A study in the beagle dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 1992; 3 (01) 9-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Carcuac O, Berglundh T. Composition of human peri-implantitis and periodontitis lesions. J Dent Res 2014; 93 (11) 1083-1088
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Gualini F, Berglundh T. Immunohistochemical characteristics of inflammatory lesions at implants. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30 (01) 14-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Berglundh T, Zitzmann NU, Donati M. Are peri-implantitis lesions different from periodontitis lesions?. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 (Suppl. 11) 188-202
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Becker ST, Beck-Broichsitter BE, Graetz C, Dörfer CE, Wiltfang J, Häsler R. Peri-implantitis versus periodontitis: functional differences indicated by transcriptome profiling. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2014; 16 (03) 401-411
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Noumbissi S, Scarano A, Gupta S. A literature review study on atomic ions dissolution of titanium and its alloys in implant dentistry. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12 (03) 1-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Bianco PD, Ducheyne P, Cuckler JM. Titanium serum and urine levels in rabbits with a titanium implant in the absence of wear. Biomaterials 1996; 17 (20) 1937-1942
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Addison O, Davenport AJ, Newport RJ. et al. Do ‘passive’ medical titanium surfaces deteriorate in service in the absence of wear?. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9 (76) 3161-3164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Delgado-Ruiz R, Romanos G. Potential causes of titanium particle and ion release in implant dentistry: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19 (11) E3585
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Valderrama P, Blansett JA, Gonzalez MG, Cantu MG, Wilson TG. Detoxification of implant surfaces affected by peri-implant disease: an overview of non-surgical methods. Open Dent J 2014; 8: 77-84
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Berryman Z, Bridger L, Hussaini HM, Rich AM, Atieh M, Tawse-Smith A. Titanium particles: an emerging risk factor for peri-implant bone loss. Saudi Dent J 2020; 32 (06) 283-292
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Olmedo DG, Tasat DR, Evelson P, Guglielmotti MB, Cabrini RL. Biological response of tissues with macrophagic activity to titanium dioxide. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 84 (04) 1087-1093
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Olmedo DG, Duffó G, Cabrini RL, Guglielmotti MB. Local effect of titanium implant corrosion: an experimental study in rats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 37 (11) 1032-1038
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Vasconcelos DM, Santos SG, Lamghari M, Barbosa MA. The two faces of metal ions: from implants rejection to tissue repair/regeneration. Biomaterials 2016; 84: 262-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Fretwurst T, Buzanich G, Nahles S, Woelber JP, Riesemeier H, Nelson K. Metal elements in tissue with dental peri-implantitis: a pilot study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 27 (09) 1178-1186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Wilson Jr TG, Valderrama P, Burbano M. et al. Foreign bodies associated with peri-implantitis human biopsies. J Periodontol 2015; 86 (01) 9-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Olmedo DG, Nalli G, Verdú S, Paparella ML, Cabrini RL. Exfoliative cytology and titanium dental implants: a pilot study. J Periodontol 2013; 84 (01) 78-83
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Irshad M, Scheres N, Crielaard W, Loos BG, Wismeijer D, Laine ML. Influence of titanium on in vitro fibroblast-Porphyromonas gingivalis interaction in peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40 (09) 841-849
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Pettersson M, Kelk P, Belibasakis GN, Bylund D, Molin Thorén M, Johansson A. Titanium ions form particles that activate and execute interleukin-1βrelease from lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52 (01) 21-32
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Taira M, Sasaki K, Saitoh S. et al. Accumulation of element Ti in macrophage-like RAW264 cells cultured in medium with 1 ppm Ti and effects on cell viability, SOD production and TNF-alpha secretion. Dent Mater J 2006; 25 (04) 726-732
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Alrabeah GO, Brett P, Knowles JC, Petridis H. The effect of metal ions released from different dental implant-abutment couples on osteoblast function and secretion of bone resorbing mediators. J Dent 2017; 66 (March) 91-101
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Corrêa MG, Pimentel SP, Ribeiro FV, Cirano FR, Casati MZ. Host response and peri-implantitis. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33 (Suppl. 01) e066
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Isidor F. Loss of osseointegration caused by occlusal load of oral implants. A clinical and radiographic study in monkeys. Clin Oral Implants Res 1996; 7 (02) 143-152
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Esaki D, Matsushita Y, Ayukawa Y, Sakai N, Sawae Y, Koyano K. Relationship between magnitude of immediate loading and peri-implant osteogenesis in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 23 (11) 1290-1296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Miyata T, Kobayashi Y, Araki H, Ohto T, Shin K. The influence of controlled occlusal overload on peri-implant tissue. Part 3: a histologic study in monkeys. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000; 15 (03) 425-431
    Google Scholar
  • 85 Gotfredsen K, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Bone reactions at implants subjected to experimental peri-implantitis and static load. A study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29 (02) 144-151
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Schmid B, Weigel C. et al. Does excessive occlusal load affect osseointegration? An experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 2004; 15 (03) 259-268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Tonetti MS. Determination of the success and failure of root-form osseointegrated dental implants. Adv Dent Res 1999; 13: 173-180
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Fransson C, Lekholm U, Jemt T, Berglundh T. Prevalence of subjects with progressive bone loss at implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2005; 16 (04) 440-446
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Weyant RJ, Burt BA, Weyant RJ, Burt BA. An assessment of survival rates and within-patient clustering of failures for endosseous oral implants. J Dent Res 1993; 72 (01) 2-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Laine ML, Crielaard W, Loos BG. Genetic susceptibility to periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2012; 58 (01) 37-68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Melo RF, Lopes BMV, Shibli JA, Marcantonio Jr E, Marcantonio RAC, Galli GMT. Interleukin-1βand interleukin-6 expression and gene polymorphisms in subjects with peri-implant disease. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2012; 14 (06) 905-914
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Meyle J, Casado P, Fourmousis I, Kumar P, Quirynen M, Salvi GE. General genetic and acquired risk factors, and prevalence of peri-implant diseases - consensus report of working group 1. Int Dent J 2019; 69 (Suppl. 02) 3-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Hamdy AAE-MM, Ebrahem MAE-M. The effect of interleukin-1 allele 2 genotype (IL-1a(-889) and IL-1b(+3954)) on the individual’s susceptibility to peri-implantitis: case-control study. J Oral Implantol 2011; 37 (03) 325-334
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Zhang H, Zhang X, Huang J, Fan X. Identification of key genes and pathways for peri-implantitis through the analysis of gene expression data. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13 (05) 1832-1840
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Schminke B, Vom Orde F, Gruber R, Schliephake H, Bürgers R, Miosge N. The pathology of bone tissue during peri-implantitis. J Dent Res 2015; 94 (02) 354-361
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Liu Y, Liu Q, Li Z. et al. Long non-coding RNA and mRNA expression profiles in peri-implantitis vs periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55 (03) 342-353
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Dereka X, Mardas N, Chin S, Petrie A, Donos N. A systematic review on the association between genetic predisposition and dental implant biological complications. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 23 (07) 775-788
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Fourmousis I, Vlachos M. Genetic risk factors for the development of periimplantitis. Implant Dent 2019; 28 (02) 103-114
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Chen X, Zhao Y. Genetic involvement in dental implant failure: association with polymorphisms of genes modulating inflammatory responses and bone metabolism. J Oral Implantol 2019; 45 (04) 318-326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Wilson Jr TG. The positive relationship between excess cement and peri-implant disease: a prospective clinical endoscopic study. J Periodontol 2009; 80 (09) 1388-1392
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Korsch M, Walther W, Bartols A. Cement-associated peri-implant mucositis. A 1-year follow-up after excess cement removal on the peri-implant tissue of dental implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2017; 19 (03) 523-529
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Korsch M, Walther W. Peri-implantitis associated with type of cement: a retrospective analysis of different types of cement and their clinical correlation to the peri-implant tissue. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2015; 17 (Suppl. 02) e434-e443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Korsch M, Obst U, Walther W. Cement-associated peri-implantitis: a retrospective clinical observational study of fixed implant-supported restorations using a methacrylate cement. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014; 25 (07) 797-802
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Linkevicius T, Vindasiute E, Puisys A, Linkeviciene L, Maslova N, Puriene A. The influence of the cementation margin position on the amount of undetected cement. A prospective clinical study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013; 24 (01) 71-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Daubert DM, Weinstein BF, Bordin S, Leroux BG, Flemming TF. Prevalence and predictive factors for peri-implant disease and implant failure: a cross-sectional analysis. J Periodontol 2015; 86 (03) 337-347
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Kotsakis GA, Zhang L, Gaillard P, Raedel M, Walter MH, Konstantinidis IK. Investigation of the association between cement retention and prevalent peri-implant diseases: a cross-sectional study. J Periodontol 2016; 87 (03) 212-220
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Yanikoğlu N, Yeşil Duymuş Z. Evaluation of the solubility of dental cements in artificial saliva of different pH values. Dent Mater J 2007; 26 (01) 62-67
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar